Mrs. Unknown Fuller
1581-1621
Born: Norfolk County, England
Died: Plymouth Village, Massachusetts, America
1581-1621
Born: Norfolk County, England
Died: Plymouth Village, Massachusetts, America
<span style="font-family: '-webkit-sans-serif'; line-height: 19px"><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">he <em><strong>Mayflower</strong></em> was the famous <span style="color: #000000">ship</span> that transported the English Separatists, better known as the <span style="color: #000000">Pilgrims</span>, from <span style="color: #000000">Southampton</span>,<span style="color: #000000">England</span>, to <span style="color: #000000">Plymouth</span>, <span style="color: #000000">Massachusetts</span> (which would become the capital of <span style="color: #000000">Plymouth Colony</span>), in 1620.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> The vessel left England on<span style="color: #000000">September 6</span>, and after a gruelling 66-day journey marked by disease, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of <span style="color: #000000">Cape Cod</span>(<span style="color: #000000">Provincetown Harbor</span>) on <span style="color: #000000">November 11</span> (dates in <span style="color: #000000">Old Style</span>, <span style="color: #000000">Julian Calendar</span>; according to the <span style="color: #000000">New Style</span> <span style="color: #000000">Gregorian Calendar</span>, the corresponding dates are <span style="color: #000000">September 16</span> and <span style="color: #000000">November 21</span>).<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> The <em>Mayflower</em> originally was destined for the mouth of the <span style="color: #000000">Hudson River</span>, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the <span style="color: #000000">1607</span><span style="color: #000000">Jamestown Settlement</span>.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[2]</span></sup> However, the <em>Mayflower</em> went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay (mapped in 1602 by <span style="color: #000000">Gosnold</span>).</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">On <span style="color: #000000">March 21</span>, <span style="color: #000000">1621</span>, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on <span style="color: #000000">April 5</span>, the <em>Mayflower,</em> a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England (details below).<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">In 1623, a year after the death of captain <span style="color: #000000">Christopher Jones</span>, the <em>Mayflower</em> was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in<span style="color: #000000">Rotherhithe</span>, <span style="color: #000000">London</span>.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[3]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">The <em>Mayflower</em> was used primarily as a cargo ship, involved in active trade of goods (often wine) between England and other European countries,<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> <sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[4]</span></sup> (principally <span style="color: #000000">France</span>, but also <span style="color: #000000">Norway</span>,<span style="color: #000000">Germany</span>, and <span style="color: #000000">Spain</span>). At least between 1609 and 1622, it was mastered by <span style="color: #000000">Christopher Jones</span>, who would command the ship on the famous transatlantic voyage, and based in <span style="color: #000000">Rotherhithe</span>, London, England.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> After the famous voyage of the Mayflower, the ship returned to England, likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe in 1623, only a year after Jones's death in March 1622. The <span style="color: #000000">Mayflower Barn</span>, just outside the <span style="color: #000000">Quaker</span> village of <span style="color: #000000">Jordans</span>, in <span style="color: #000000">Buckinghamshire</span>, England, is said to be built from these timbers.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="white-space: nowrap">[<em><span style="color: #000000">citation needed</span></em>]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000"></span></sup>Details of the ship's dimensions are unknown; but estimates based on its load weight and the typical size of 180-<span style="color: #000000">ton</span> merchant ships of its day suggest an estimated length of 90–110 <span style="color: #000000">feet</span>(27.4–33.5 <span style="color: #000000">m</span>) and a width of about 25 feet (7.6 m). The ship was manned by a crew of 25-30.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[4]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000"></span></sup>Initially, the plan was for the voyage to be made in two vessels, the other being the smaller <em><span style="color: #000000">Speedwell</span></em>. The first voyage of the ships departed <span style="color: #000000">Southampton</span>, England,<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[5]</span></sup> on <span style="color: #000000">August 5</span>, <span style="color: #000000">1620</span>, but the <em><span style="color: #000000">Speedwell</span></em> developed a leak, and had to be refitted at <span style="color: #000000">Dartmouth</span>.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">On the second attempt, the ships reached the <span style="color: #000000">Atlantic Ocean</span> but again were forced to return to <span style="color: #000000">Plymouth</span> because of the <em>Speedwell'</em>s leak.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">It would later be revealed that there was in fact nothing wrong with the <em><span style="color: #000000">Speedwell</span></em>. The crew had <span style="color: #000000">sabotaged</span> it in order to escape the year-long commitment of their contract.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">After reorganisation, the final sixty-six day voyage was made by the <em>Mayflower</em> alone, leaving from a site near to the <span style="color: #000000">Mayflower Steps</span> in <span style="color: #000000">Plymouth, England</span> on<span style="color: #000000">September 6</span>.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[5]</span></sup> With 102 passengers plus crew, each family was allotted a very confined amount of space for personal belongings.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">The ship probably had a crew of twenty-five to thirty, along with other hired personnel; however, only the names of five are known, including <span style="color: #000000">John Alden</span>.<span style="color: #000000">[2]</span> William Bradford, who penned our only account of the <em>Mayflower</em> voyage, wrote that John Alden (archaic spellings) "<em>was hired for a cooper</em> [barrel-maker], <em>at <span style="color: #000000">South-Hampton</span>, where the ship victuled; and being a hopefull yong man, was much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and <span style="color: #000000">maryed</span>here.</em>"<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[6]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">The intended destination was an area near the <span style="color: #000000">Hudson River</span>, in "<span style="color: #000000">North Virginia</span>". However the ship was forced far off-course by inclement weather and drifted well north of the intended Virginia settlement. As a result of the delay, the settlers did not arrive in Cape Cod till the onset of a harsh <span style="color: #000000">New England</span> winter. The settlers ultimately failed to reach Virginia where they had already obtained permission from the <span style="color: #000000">London Company</span> to settle.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="white-space: nowrap">[<em><span style="color: #000000">citation needed</span></em>]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">To establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks, the settlers wrote and signed the <span style="color: #000000">Mayflower Compact</span> after the ship dropped anchor at the tip of Cape Cod on <span style="color: #000000">November 11</span>, in what is now <span style="color: #000000">Provincetown Harbor</span>.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">The settlers, upon initially setting anchor, explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty Native American village. The curious settlers dug up some artificially-made mounds, some of which stored corn while others were burial sites. The settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[7]</span></sup> sparking friction with the locals.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[8]</span></sup> They moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks, looting and stealing as they went.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="white-space: nowrap">[<em><span style="color: #000000">citation needed</span></em>]</span></sup> They decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the local native Americans, the <span style="color: #000000">Nausets</span>, at First Encounter Beach, in December of 1620.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em">During the winter the passengers remained on board the 'Mayflower', suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of <span style="color: #000000">scurvy</span>, <span style="color: #000000">pneumonia</span> and<span style="color: #000000">tuberculosis</span>.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> When it ended, there were only 53 persons still alive, half of the passengers and half of the crew.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup> In spring, they built huts ashore, and on <span style="color: #000000">March 21</span>, <span style="color: #000000">1621</span>, the surviving passengers left the <em>Mayflower</em>.</p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="line-height: 19px">The 102 passengers on the <em>Mayflower</em> were the earliest permanent European settlers in New England. (The <span style="color: #000000">Jamestown settlement</span> was the first English settlement in what would become the United States.) Some of their descendants have taken great interest in tracing their ancestry back to one or more of these Pilgrims. (See <span style="color: #000000">The Society of Mayflower Descendants</span> and the "<span style="color: #000000">List of passengers on the </span><em><span style="color: #000000">Mayflower</span></em>" for a complete accounting. See also "<span style="color: #000000">List of </span><em><span style="color: #000000">Mayflower</span></em><span style="color: #000000"> passengers who died in the winter of 1620–1621</span>".) Throughout the winter, the passengers spent time ashore preparing home sites and searching for food but partly remained based aboard the <em>Mayflower</em>. Only about half of the settlers would still be alive when the <em>Mayflower</em> left in the spring. Governor Bradford noted that about half the sailors died as well.<sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000">[1]</span></sup></span></p><p style="margin-: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-: 0px; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="line-height: 19px"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><span style="color: #000000"></span></sup></span>See more information on the passengers. </p></span>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: #ff0000;"> Excerpt from Azel Ames, M.D.'s "The May-flower and her Log" . It was released 7 Oct. 2006 and produced by David Widger as an eBook. It takes place from July 15, 1620-May 6, 1621 and is mostly from original sources. It can be found here---</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4107/4107-h/4107-h.htm#image-0003</span></p> <p> </p> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>TUESDAY, Sept. 5/Sept. 15 </strong> At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. Ready for sea. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>WEDNESDAY, Sept. 6/Sept. 16</strong> Weighed anchor. Wind E.N.E., a fine gale. Laid course W.S.W. for northern coasts of Virginia.<br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>THURSDAY, Sept. 7/Sept. 17</strong> Comes in with wind E.N.E. Light gale continues. Made all sail on ship. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>FRIDAY, Sept. 8/Sept. 18</strong> Comes in with wind E.N.E. Gale continues. All sails full. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>SATURDAY, Sept. 9/Sept. 19</strong> Comes in with wind E.N E. Gale holds. Ship well off the land. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>SUNDAY, Sept. 10/Sept. 20 </strong> Comes in with wind E.N.E. Gale holds. Distance lost, when ship bore up for Plymouth, more than regained. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>MONDAY, Sept. 11/Sept. 21</strong> Same; and so without material change, the daily record of wind, weather, and the ship's general course—the repetition of which would be both useless and wearisome —continued through the month and until the vessel was near half the seas over. Fine warm weather and the "harvest-moon." The usual equinoctial weather deferred. <br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>SATURDAY, Sept. 23/Oct. 3 </strong> One of the seamen, some time sick with a grievous disease, died in a desperate manner. The first death and burial at sea of the voyage. <br><br><br>[We can readily imagine this first burial at sea on the MAY FLOWER, and its impressiveness. Doubtless the good Elder "committed the body to the deep" with fitting ceremonial, for though the young man was of the crew, and not of the Pilgrim company, his reverence for death and the last rites of Christian burial would as surely impel him to offer such services, as the rough, buccaneering Master (Jones would surely be glad to evade them).<br><br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>MONDAY Nov. 6/16</strong> William Butten; a youth, servant to Doctor Samuel Fuller, died. The first of the passengers to die on this voyage. <br><br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>MONDAY Nov. 7/17<br><span style="color: #ff0000;">Must be Tuesday</span><br> </strong> The body of William Butten committed to the deep. The first burial at sea of a passenger, on this voyage. <br><br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>MONDAY Nov. 8/18</strong> <span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong> Must be Wednesday</strong></span><br> Signs of land. <br><br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>MONDAY Nov. 9/19</strong> <strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Must be Thursday</span></strong><br> Closing in with the land at nightfall. Sighted land at daybreak. The landfall made out to be Cape Cod the bluffs [in what is now the town of Truro, Mass.]. After a conference between the Master of the ship and the chief colonists, tacked about and stood for the southward. Wind and weather fair. Made our course S.S.W., continued proposing to go to a river ten leagues south of the Cape Hudson's River. After had sailed that course about half the day fell amongst dangerous shoals and foaming breakers [the shoals off Monomoy] got out of them before night and the wind being contrary put round again for the Bay of Cape Cod. Abandoned efforts to go further south and so announced to passengers. [Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 93) says: "They resolved to bear up again for the Cape." No one will question that Jones's assertion of inability to proceed, and his announced determination to return to Cape Cod harbor, fell upon many acquiescent ears, for, as Winslow says: "Winter was come; the seas were dangerous; the season was cold; the winds were high, and the region being well furnished for a plantation, we entered upon discovery." Tossed for sixty-seven days on the north Atlantic at that season of the year, their food and firing well spent, cold, homesick, and ill, the bare thought of once again setting foot on any land, wherever it might be, must have been an allurement that lent Jones potential aid in his high-handed course.] <br><br></span></pre> <pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>SATURDAY Nov. 11/21</strong> Comes in with light, fair wind. On course for Cape Cod harbor, along the coast. Some hints of disaffection among colonists, on account of abandonment of location <br><br> [Bradford (in Mourt's Relation) says: "This day before we come to harbor Italics the author's, observing some not well affected to unity and concord, but gave some appearance of faction, it was thought good there should be an Association and Agreement that we should combine together in one body; and to submit to such Government and Governors as we should, by common consent, agree to make and choose, and set our hands to this that follows word for word." Then follows the Compact. Bradford is even more explicit in his Historie (Mass. ed. p. 109), where he says: "I shall a little returne backe and begin with a combination made by them before they came ashore, being ye first foundation of their governments in this place; occasioned partly by ye discontent & mutinous speeches that some of the strangers amongst them [i.e. not any of the Leyden contingent had let fall from them in ye ship—That when they came ashore they would use their owne libertie: for none had power to command them, the patents they had being for Virginia, and not for New-England which belonged to another Government, with which ye London [or First Virginia Company had nothing to doe, and partly that such an acte by them done . . . might be as firm as any patent, and in some respects more sure." Dr. Griffis is hardly warranted in making Bradford to say, as he does (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 182), that "there were a few people I 'shuffled' in upon them the company who were probably unmitigated scoundrels." Bradford speaks only of Billington and his family as those "shuffled into their company," and while he was not improbably one of the agitators (with Hopkins) who were the proximate causes of the drawing up of the Compact, he was not, in this case, the responsible leader. It is evident from the foregoing that the "appearance of faction" did not show itself until the vessel's prow was turned back toward Cape Cod Harbor, and it became apparent that the effort to locate "near Hudson's River" was to be abandoned, and a location found north of 41 degrees north latitude, which would leave them without charter rights or authority of any kind. It is undoubtedly history that Master Stephen Hopkins,—then "a lay-reader" for Chaplain Buck,—on Sir Thomas Gates's expedition to Virginia, had, when some of them were cast away on the Bermudas, advocated just such sentiments—on the same basis—as were now bruited upon the MAY-FLOWER, and it could hardly have been coincidence only that the same were repeated here. That Hopkins fomented the discord is well-nigh certain. It caused him, as elsewhere noted, to receive sentence of death for insubordination, at the hands of Sir Thomas Gates, in the first instance, from which his pardon was with much difficulty procured by his friends. In the present case, it led to the drafting and execution of the Pilgrim Compact, a framework of civil self-government whose fame will never die; though the author is in full accord with Dr. Young (Chronicles, p. 120) in thinking that "a great deal more has been discovered in this document than the signers contemplated,"—wonderfully comprehensive as it is. Professor Herbert B. Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, says in his admirable article in the Magazine of American History, November, 1882 (pp—798 799): "The fundamental idea of this famous document was that of a contract based upon the common law of England,"—certainly a stable and ancient basis of procedure. Their Dutch training (as Griffis points out) had also led naturally to such ideas of government as the Pilgrims adopted. It is to be feared that Griffis's inference (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 184), that all who signed the Compact could write, is unwarranted. It is more than probable that if the venerated paper should ever be found, it would show that several of those whose names are believed to have been affixed to it "made their 'mark.'" There is good reason, also, to believe that neither "sickness" (except unto death) nor "indifference" would have prevented the ultimate obtaining of the signatures (by "mark," if need be) of every one of the nine male servants who did not subscribe, if they were considered eligible. Severe illness was, we know, answerable for the absence of a few, some of whom died a few days later. The fact seems rather to be, as noted, that age—not social status was the determining factor as to all otherwise eligible. It is evident too, that the fact was recognized by all parties (by none so clearly as by Master Jones) that they were about to plant themselves on territory not within the jurisdiction of their steadfast friends, the London Virginia Company, but under control of those formerly of the Second (Plymouth) Virginia Company, who (by the intelligence they received while at Southampton) they knew would be erected into the "Council for the Affairs of New England." Goodwin is in error in saying (Pilgrim Republic, p. 62), "Neither did any other body exercise authority there;" for the Second Virginia Company under Sir Ferdinando Gorges, as noted, had been since 1606 in control of this region, and only a week before the Pilgrims landed at Cape Cod (i.e. on November 3) King James had signed the patent of the Council for New England, giving them full authority over all territory north of the forty-first parallel of north latitude, as successors to the Second Virginia Company. If the intention to land south of the forty-first parallel had been persisted in, there would, of course, have been no occasion for the Compact, as the patent to John Pierce (in their interest) from the London Virginia Company would have been in force. The Compact became a necessity, therefore, only when they turned northward to make settlement above 41 deg. north latitude. Hence it is plain that as no opportunity for "faction"—and so no occasion for any "Association and Agreement"—existed till the MAY-FLOWER turned northward, late in the afternoon of Friday, November to, the Compact was not drawn and presented for signature until the morning of Saturday, November 11. Bradford's language, "This day, before we came into harbour," leaves no room for doubt that it was rather hurriedly drafted—and also signed—before noon of the 11th. That they had time on this winter Saturday—hardly three weeks from the shortest day in the year—to reach and encircle the harbor; secure anchorage; get out boats; arm, equip, and land two companies of men; make a considerable march into the land; cut firewood; and get all aboard again before dark, indicates that they must have made the harbor not far from noon. These facts serve also to correct another error of traditional Pilgrim history, which has been commonly current, and into which Davis falls (Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth, p. 60), viz. that the Compact was signed "in the harbor of Cape Cod." It is noticeable that the instrument itself simply says, "Cape Cod," not "Cape Cod harbour," as later they were wont to say. The leaders clearly did not mean to get to port till there was a form of law and authority.] </span><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <br><br><br></pre> <pre> </pre>
<p align="center"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span>The Pilgrims' First Winter In America</span></strong></span></p> <p align="right"><span style="font-size: small;">by Stan Griffin</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">When the "Mayflower" and its passengers anchored at the tip of Cape Cod in November, 1620, the Pilgrims "fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven who had ... delivered them from ...perils and miseries ..."</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Soon afterwards came the writing and signing of the "Mayflower Compact," in which Pilgrims and Strangers alike agreed to: (1) make laws for the good of the colony; and (2) obey those laws. This was done before anyone had been ashore.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">After several scouting expeditions and even a move by the "Mayflower" to a new harbor, a suitable place was chosen for the colony. After the decision was made, they found their new home on a map drawn by Captain John Smith six years earlier. He had named it "Plymouth."</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">The designated site was located on high ground beside a river. There was land that had been planted in corn (by Indians), and it was near a "sweet brook" which ran under a hillside and contained "much good fish."</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">On December 25 the first working party left the ship to begin construction of "New Plymouth," as they decided to call it. Pilgrims did not celebrate Christmas because they considered it just an "invention" of the Roman Catholic Church.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Construction began initially on a "Common House," to be located behind the beach. The structure was planned to be 20 feet square. There was an adequate supply of timber available.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Building crews had to cope with alternate days of rain, snow, and sleet. In spite of the weather, all four sides were up in a period of three weeks.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">This "Common House" was intended to be a storage area for supplies from the "Mayflower," but events caused it to be used as a family shelter and later as a temporary hospital.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">This first structure was soon surrounded by small huts made of branches and sod built to house the workers. The other settlers spent their nights on the "Mayflower" until they had somewhere to live on land.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Next, a short street was laid out, running from the beach to a hill. On it was built a wooden platform. Very shortly after its completion, the cannon which had been brought from England were mounted as a defense against Indians.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Along the street, lots were laid out. Each one was 8 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The entire company of settlers was divided into 19 households. Every single person joined a family which they themselves chose. Households were assigned lots (the number depended on how many people were part of it). Permanent title to the land was not assigned.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Family cottages or shacks built on these lots were made of wattle (poles twisted or braided together with twigs, reeds or branches) and daub (mud) with a thatched roof (one made with plant stalks, reeds, or leaves.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Despite all the obstacles, several buildings were erected in the first few weeks. But illness delayed the homebuilding.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">It was March 21 before everyone had moved from the "Mayflower" to shelter on land. By that time, the number of settlers had dropped considerably. Over 1/2 of them died during the winter of 1620-1621. Likely causes given were starvation, cold, and disease. On the list of deadly diseases were scurvy and one that was referred to only as "the sickness."</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">The terrible statistics of this first winter follow:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">In the month of December, six people died.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">In January there were eight deaths.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">In February there were 17 fatalities.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">And in March, 13 died.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Frequently two or three died on the same day. Four entire families were taken, and there was only one family that didn't lose at least one member.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Of 18 married women, 13 died. Only three of 13 children perished. This seems to indicate that mothers were probably giving their share of food to the children.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">Pilgrim leaders feared the Indians, even though none had been seen (at least up close) since the early days of their arrival. They did all they could to hide the magnitude of their human losses. Burial services were conducted after dark. Graves were leveled and planted with corn to conceal them.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">The winter was, by local standards, a fairly mild one. The Plymouth settlers were simply not used to living on an awful diet and being exposed to the elements. Had it been a really severe winter, it's likely that all of them would have been wiped out.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">During this horrendous winter there were, of course, some dissatisfied complainers. They were overcome by "wisdom, patience, and a governor who was just and fair."</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: small;">When the "Mayflower" was prepared to return to England in April 1621, its captain offered to take any survivors with him at no charge. It is a testament to the faith and determination of the survivors that none took him up on his offer.</span></p> <p> </p>
<hr>The <em>Mayflower</em> passengers can be placed into two general groups. The first group, the Leiden Group, were the religious Separatists who had originally fled from England to Leiden, Holland. The initial Leiden group had come to Holland in 1608 from the general region of England where Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire meet (from towns like Scrooby and Austerfield), but over time additional members arrived and joined the church in Leiden, especially from Separatist groups from Canterbury and Sandwich, Kent; Norwich and Yarmouth, Norfolk; Colchester, Essex; and London. The second group, the London Group, were in some way associated with the investors who were putting their money into the joint-stock company the Pilgrims were using to fund their voyage. Some had Puritan sentiments. Some were relatives of the Leiden group, but had not made the migration to Holland. Some had financial schemes rolling through their minds. And some simply wanted to go to Virginia to start a new life with new opportunities. Below is a list, as best as can be compiled, showing which group the various passengers belonged to. In most cases only the men are listed, since the women and children are presumed to have come from the same group.<p align="center"><strong><font size="4">Leiden Group</font></strong></p><ul><li>Isaac Allerton </li><li>John Allerton </li><li>William Bradford </li><li>William Brewster </li><li>John Carver </li><li>James Chilton </li><li>Francis Cooke </li><li>Humility Cooper </li><li>John Crackstone </li><li>Moses Fletcher </li><li>Edward Fuller </li><li>Samuel Fuller </li><li>William Holbeck </li><li>John Hooke </li><li>Desire Minter </li><li>Degory Priest </li><li>Thomas Rogers </li><li>Edward Tilley </li><li>Thomas Tinker </li><li>John Turner </li><li>Thomas Williams </li><li>Edward Winslow </li></ul><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">London Group</font></strong></p><ul><li>John Billington </li><li>Richard Britteridge </li><li>Peter Browne </li><li>William Butten </li><li>Robert Carter </li><li>Edward Doty </li><li>Francis Eaton </li><li>Stephen Hopkins </li><li>John Howland </li><li>John Langmore </li><li>William Latham </li><li>Edward Leister </li><li>Christopher Martin </li><li>Richard, Ellen, Mary, and Jasper More </li><li>William Mullins </li><li>Solomon Prower </li><li>John Rigdale </li><li>Henry Samson </li><li>George Soule </li><li>Elias Story </li><li>John Tilley </li><li>Richard Warren </li><li>Gilbert Winslow </li></ul><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">Hired Hands</font></strong></p><ul><li>John Alden (cooper) </li><li>Myles Standish (military command) </li><li>Thomas English (seaman) </li><li>William Trevore (seaman) </li><li>Mr. Ely (seaman) </li><li>Richard Gardinar (seaman?) </li></ul><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">Unknowns</font></strong></p><ul><li>Richard Clarke </li><li>Edmund Margesson </li><li>Edward Thompson </li><li>William White </li><li>Roger Wilder </li></ul>
<em>ayflower</em> Passengers who<br>Died the First Winter (1620-1621)<hr style="font-family: times, serif; font-size: medium"><tbody><tr><td width="33%" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">MEN</font></strong></p><ul><li>John Allerton</li><li>Richard Britteridge</li><li>Robert Carter</li><li>James Chilton</li><li>Richard Clarke</li><li>John Crackstone, Sr.</li><li>Thomas English</li><li>Moses Fletcher</li><li>Edward Fuller</li><li>William Holbeck</li><li>John Langmore</li><li>Edmund Margesson</li><li>Christopher Martin</li><li>William Mullins</li><li>Degory Priest</li><li>John Rigsdale</li><li>Thomas Rogers</li><li>Elias Story</li><li>Edward Thompson</li><li>Edward Tilley</li><li>John Tilley</li><li>Thomas Tinker</li><li>John Turner</li><li>William White</li><li>Roger Wilder</li><li>Thomas Williams</li></ul></td><td width="33%" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">WOMEN</font></strong></p><ul><li>Mary (Norris) Allerton</li><li>Dorothy (May) Bradford</li><li>Mrs. Chilton, wife of James</li><li>Sarah Eaton</li><li>Mrs. Fuller, wife of Edward</li><li>Mary (Prower) Martin</li><li>Alice Mullins</li><li>Alice Rigsdale</li><li>Rose Standish</li><li>Ann (Cooper) Tilley</li><li>Joan (Hurst) Tilley</li><li>Mrs. Tinker, wife of Thomas</li><li>Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow</li></ul></td><td width="33%" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong><font size="4">CHILDREN</font></strong></p><ul><li>William Butten</li><li>John Hooke (age 14)</li><li>Ellen More (age 8)</li><li>Jasper More (age 7)</li><li>Mary More (age 6)</li><li>Joseph Mullins</li><li>Solomon Prower</li><li>son of Thomas Tinker</li><li>son of John Turner</li><li>another son of John Turner</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" width="99%" valign="top">Thomas Prince compiled a set of statistics on the first winter for his 1737 book, <em>Chronological History of New England</em>; he used a register of deaths written by William Bradford, which was apparently lost during the Revolutionary War. Prince recorded the following statistics:<ul><li>November: 1 death (William Button)</li><li>December: 6 deaths (Edward Thompson, Jasper More, Dorothy Bradford, James Chilton, Richard Britteridge, Solomon Prower)</li><li>January: 8 deaths (Degory Priest, Christopher Martin, Rose Standish, and 5 others not named)</li><li>February: 17 deaths (William White, William Mullins, Mary Allerton, and 14 not named)</li><li>March: 13 deaths (Elizabeth Winslow, and 12 others not named)</li></ul><p>That makes a total of 45. The above list contains 49 individuals. Some apparently died in early April, for which a count is not given. Three of the April deaths were likely Joseph and Alice Mullins and Robert Carter, who are mentioned in the will of William Mullins with no notation indicating they had died--the <em>Mayflower</em> departed Plymouth on April 5. John Carver and his wife Katherine died shortly after the <em>Mayflower</em>'s departure as well, but are not included here. He died of an apparent sunstroke in later April, and she died of a "broken heart" within a couple of weeks, probably sometime in May. William Bradford in his <em>Of Plymouth Plantation</em> says that John Goodman also died the first winter: but John Goodman is named in the 1623 Division of Land, so it seems he survived at least that long. He is not found in the 1627 Division of Cattle, however.</p><p> </p></td></tr></tbody>
<div><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>The Plymouth Colony Archive Project </em><br><span style="color: #800000;">Times of Their Lives in Plymouth Colony</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;"><br><br><span style="color: blue;">Table of Contents </span>Illustration Credits<br>Preface<br>Acknowledgments<br>1. Partakers of Our Plenty: The Pilgrim Myth<br>2. I Will Harry Them Out of the Land! The Early Years, 1606-1627<br>3. There be Witches Too Many: Glimpses of the Social World<br>4. In an Uncivil Manner: Sex-related Crimes, Violence & Death<br>5. A Few Things Needful: Houses and Furnishings<br>6. Still Standing in the Ground: The Archaeology of Early Plymouth<br>7. The Time of Their Lives: Plimoth Plantation<br>Sources & Notes<br>Index<br><br><span style="color: blue;">An Excerpt:</span>Chapter 1:<span> </span><em>Partakers of Our Plenty: The Pilgrim Myth</em><br></span></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So who<span> </span><em>were</em><span> </span>the Pilgrims? This question has been a vexing one for modern historians, and depending on the source consulted, different definitions emerge. Were they all of the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em>’s passengers, or were they only the minority of religious dissenters among the group? Does the term refer to those who came on four other ships, the<span> </span><em>Fortune, Anne, Little James<span> </span></em>and<span> </span><em>Charity</em><span> </span>which arrived during the first seven years of the Colony? Might the term apply to all of the residents of Plymouth Colony during its existence as a separate colony until 1691? There is no modern consensus regarding this matter, and little wonder, for the people of Plymouth never perceived themselves as a group who would at the end of the eighteenth century come to be known as Pilgrims. However, if we change the tense of the verb in the question from<span> </span><em>were</em><span> </span>to<span> </span><em>are</em>, a reasonably concise definition can be offered. The Pilgrims are a quasi-mythic group of people who are looked upon today as the founders of America, and whose dedication to hard work and noble purposes gave rise to our nation as we know it. What most of us know about them we learned as early as grade school, especially around Thanksgiving time. Stern and godfearing, possessed of the loftiest motives, the women dressed in somber attire with white collars, and the men also dressed in grey and black, with buckles on their hats, belts, shoes, and for all we know, even on their undergarments. Some modern Plymouth residents refer to them as the "Grim Pills." This is the image with which we are all so familiar, but its origins lie more in early nineteenth century America than in the reality of a time two hundred years earlier.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With the final stroke of the pen at the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 by representatives of France, England and her newly independent former American colonies, the American Republic came into being. A decade later the early Plymouth settlers were first referred to as Pilgrims in a sermon delivered in Plymouth by the Reverend Chandler Robbins, who used a phrase from a copy of Bradford’s history, ". . . but they knew they were pilgrims," a quotation from the New Testament. Note the use of the lower case "p" in the term; Bradford was using it in a generic sense, and in no way singling out the Plymouth party as the sole bearers of the name. In fact, until the early nineteenth century, the term "pilgrim" was used to designate any early group of settlers. Those who were adults in 1783 almost certainly retained a strong bond with England, since they were displaced English people. Although separated by an ocean, English colonists still followed the precepts of English law and custom. By 1660, however, a large proportion of the colonial population had never laid eyes on England.</span></p> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By the time the first generation born in the new Republic had come of age, such a bond with the old mother country held little if any significance. By the early nineteenth century, the new nation needed a myth of epic proportion on which to found its history. Who better than the Pilgrims, a term which by that time had narrowed its definition to apply solely to the settlers of Plymouth, whose piety, fortitude and dedication to hard work embodied a set of ideals that could make every American proud? To be sure, Plymouth was the second oldest permanent English colony in North America, but Virginia, established at Jamestown in 1607, was hardly a candidate for a national symbol, since it was initially settled by men only, who were looked upon as a rowdy crowd, interested simply in personal gain. Too, relations with the native Powhatan Indians were marked by periods of conflict from the very beginning in Virginia, whereas the Plymouth settlers concluded a peace treaty with the local Wampanoag people which lasted for over half a century, and was honored throughout that time. So it was that Plymouth was chosen to represent the beginnings of the infant nation, and the nineteenth century construction of the Pilgrims’ way of life reflects more of the values of that time than the reality which it was meant to represent. The word "construction" is of particular importance. Although we frequently hear references to reconstructing the past, this is an impossibility since a complete reconstruction is beyond our grasp, simply because we do not have access to all of the complexities of life in earlier times. What we do is construct the past, and in so doing, decide what is important and what is not. Such constructions invariably reflect, to a greater or lesser extent, the values and biases of the time when they were written. Our image today of the Pilgrims was strongly influenced by the people of the time when it was created, and incorporates as much if not more of how people in the early 1800s saw the world in which they lived.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrim myth had matured into a robust tale by 1820, the two hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Plymouth band of settlers. The Pilgrim Society had been established in 1819, and one of the first items on its agenda was the construction of Pilgrim Hall, claimed by many to be America’s oldest museum, and which stands today on Main Street in Plymouth. When it first opened, it contained a remarkable assortment of objects, some with genuine "Pilgrim" provenience, but others which had no relationship to Plymouth whatsoever, including Algerian pistols, a pitchfork from Bunker Hill, and assorted sea shells. The quantity of "<em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>Furniture" which lacked any provenience was so great that a Pilgrim Society member suggested that it was enough to have sunk the ship.</span></p> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">* * * *</span></p> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The year 1820 also marked the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of Plymouth, and was celebrated with great enthusiasm. On that occasion the great American orator Daniel Webster gave an address which extolled the virtues of the Pilgrims as they were perceived in those early decades of the nineteenth century. Appropriately, it was delivered while standing by a fragment of Plymouth Rock which at the time reposed in Town Square. He referred to the rock in his remarks, making both the rock and the Pilgrim myth accessible for the first time to an audience far beyond the confines of the town of Plymouth itself.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrim myth did not materialize overnight, but rather was the final and defining episode of an ongoing process which stretches back at least to the later seventeenth century. The Plymouth settlers used several terms to designate themselves. One pair of the terms relates to the make-up of the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em>’s passengers. A minority among them were serious dissenters against the established church, the majority made the crossing in the hope of improving their lot over what it had been in England, where chronic unemployment and increasing shortage of land was making life very difficult for many. The former group was referred to as "Saints," the latter as "Strangers." Two other names were used by the Plymouth settlers to designate themselves, "Old Comers" and "Old Planters," or simply "Planters," but future generations of Plimothians, and later the entire country, would refer to them simply as the "Forefathers." The evolution of the national view of the Forefathers combined with another potentially powerful symbol, Plymouth Rock, form two more strands in the fabric of the Pilgrim myth.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1769, a small group of young Plymouth men, all from the more well-to-do families of the town, joined together to form a social organization which they called the Old Colony Club. Among its stated purposes was the establishment of a social environment of a more refined nature than that of the local inns and taverns. One of their first accomplishments was the designation of December 22 to celebrate the date of the landing of the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>passengers in Plymouth Harbor. They were even more specific than that, however, and stated that the day would commemorate the landing on Plymouth Rock. The day soon became an annual celebration observed by the people of Plymouth, and as time passed, by people in all parts of America, where it became known as Forefathers’ Day, and was observed by speeches, parades, and other festive events. It was, in fact, the predecessor of Thanksgiving, but with its emphasis on keeping alive in people’s memories both the landing and the rock on which it was supposed to have occurred. While December 22 was the date on which it was usually celebrated, from time to time it would slip back to December 20. The celebration of Forefathers’ Day continued into the nineteenth century, and it is still observed in Plymouth, although it had been eclipsed by Thanksgiving in the rest of the country by the opening years of the twentieth century. The Pilgrim myth was given concrete form when in 1859 construction began on an eighty-one foot tall monument on a hill overlooking the town of Plymouth. Thirty years in the making, and still standing, when completed it was appropriately named the "National Monument to the Forefathers."</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In describing the monument, James Baker writes, "Although it was dedicated to the Pilgrims, they were represented only in the smallest bas-relief elements. Their attributed virtues — Faith, Law, Education, Freedom and Morality — completely overshadowed the human Pilgrim men and women." The monument in fact is an eighty-one foot high metaphor, the symbolism of which cannot be missed, for the "virtues" mentioned are represented by very large, full, rounded statues, four seated on pedestals around the base, and the fifth, representing Faith, standing on top. In spite of efforts by a number of writers, some clearly of the "debunking" school, but more objective and serious historians as well, it is this image and the relationships which it implies, which has come down to us to this day.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The earliest symbol to be associated with the Plymouth settlers is the famous, or perhaps infamous, chunk of granite known as Plymouth Rock. Most Americans know of it, and even a breed of chicken has been named after it. Lacking hard numbers, it is not possible to say that it is the most popular attraction in modern Plymouth, but one has the intuitive sense that such is the case.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What, if any, factual basis supports the attribution of the Rock as the first spot on which the<em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>passengers set foot? There is one slender thread which, however thin, cannot be entirely dismissed. In 1741, ninety-five year old Thomas Faunce asked to be taken for what he thought might be his last look at a certain granite boulder on the beach in Plymouth. Faunce lived two miles south of the town and was brought to the waterfront in a chair. Before a small gathering of people, with tearful eyes, he identified a rock, directly below Cole’s Hill, as that which was the very spot "which had received the footsteps of our fathers on their first arrival." He had been told this by his father, who had arrived in Plymouth on the<span> </span><em>Anne</em><span> </span>in 1623, and who in turn had been told by one of the original party of settlers. This is, of course, a third hand account, and as such, not of the greatest reliability, yet it does lend a touch of authenticity to what otherwise would be a story made up of whole cloth. What are the facts? We know from the account in<span> </span><em>Mourt’s Relation</em>, published in London in 1622, that a group of passengers and crew left the<span> </span><em>Mayflower<span> </span></em>in a shallop on Wednesday 6 December 1620, searching for a suitable harbor and place to settle. Shallops were small craft, primarily propelled by a number of oarsmen, although they did have a mast and a single sail, and featured a leeboard which allowed the boat to sail into the wind in the same way a centerboard or a fixed keel would, and the usual rudder on the stern used for steering. Two days later, on a stormy Friday night, the group reached Plymouth Harbor, found themselves close to an island, and "fell upon a place of sandy ground, where our shallop did ride safe and secure all that night." On the Monday, after sounding the depth of the harbor, they "marched also into the land." There is no mention of the rock. William Bradford’s account in his history,<span> </span><em>Of Plymouth Plantation</em>, is identical. And in case Faunce was referring to the first time the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>docked in Plymouth Harbor on December 16, 1620,<span> </span><em>Mourt’s Relation</em><span> </span>only picks up the story two day’s later: "Monday the 18th day, we went a-land, [the shallop] manned with the master of the ship and three or four sailors." Bradford simply mentions that after their arrival they "afterwards took better view of the place, and resolved where to pitch their dwelling." These are the only contemporary accounts of the time when the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>passengers actually arrived on the mainland at Plymouth.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So the matter stands, but whether or not Plymouth Rock as we know it today was ever trod upon by one or more<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>passengers, is immaterial in the context of the Pilgrim myth. What does matter is that it is possessed of a symbol of great power, as witness the hundreds of thousands of people who pay homage by gazing upon it from above, separated from it by only a sturdy iron railing.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The final component of the myth of the Pilgrims which made its appearance very early in the nineteenth century, is what is referred to today as the Mayflower Compact. Finding themselves outside the area which was covered by a patent which gave them rights to settle in Virginia, and in William Bradford’s words, "Occasioned partly by the discontented and mutinous speeches that some of the strangers amongst them had let fall from them in the Ship," a covenant was drawn up of a type with which they were very familiar, as covenant agreements were used as a basis for social regulation in England by numerous Puritan and Separatist groups. The document was signed on November 11, 1620 while the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>lay at anchor off Cape Cod.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As is befitting a story of mythic proportions, the Mayflower Compact has been endowed with an importance which far transcends reality. In 1802, President John Quincy Adams had this to say:</span></p> <blockquote> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">[The Mayflower Compact] is perhaps the only instance in human history of that positive social compact which speculative philosophers have imagined as the only legitimate course of government. Here was a unanimous and personal assent by all the individuals of the community to the association, by which they became a nation.</span></blockquote> </blockquote> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Having become an integral part of the Pilgrim myth, this perception of the significance of the Mayflower Compact remains with us to this day. A well known historian, Henry Steele Commager, commented in a television production in the early 1970's:<br></span></span></span> <blockquote> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">They drew up one of those familiar church or sea compacts, but it was of epic making proportions, the Mayflower Compact that some claim to be the first of all written constitutions. It was drawn up democratically, it was signed by the heads of families and also by some of the servants and hired help. Imagine that, in seventeenth century England or on the European continent. It was based on the principle that political authority comes from below not from above, and that government derives all of its authority from the consent of the governed. New ideas these in politics, but ideas which were to be the very foundations of American political theory and political practice, and that were to spread throughout the globe.</span></blockquote> </blockquote> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many see it as a forerunner to the American Constitution and it did indeed provide for "political authority [coming] from below not from above" and embody the principle that "government derives all of its authority from the consent of the governed." But a close examination of the list of signatories shows that only four of the ten adult servants aboard the<span> </span><em>Mayflower</em><span> </span>signed, and none of the women. As for it containing "ideas which were to be the very foundation of American political theory and political practice, and that were to spread throughout the globe," this is, to put it mildly, a bit of an overstatement. In fact, in 1619, Virginia had established the House of Burgesses which, within limits, provided for a similar type of representative government, although membership in this case was restricted to male landowners. This is not, however, to decry the fact that the basis of Plymouth government was a belief in the rule of law, not nearly as clearly formulated as it is today, but visibly present in what can be seen by 1671 as an embryonic bill of rights.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The myth of the Pilgrims, with its three central themes, the Forefathers, the Rock and the Compact, became increasingly pervasive in the American collective consciousness during the nineteenth century. It would receive even greater attention, this time on an international scale, when in 1858, just one year before construction began on the Forefathers’ monument, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote an epic poem,<span> </span><em>The Courtship of Myles Standish</em>. Its popularity was almost instantaneous, and more than 10,000 copies sold in London in a single day. Along with<span> </span><em>The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere</em>, it would endow four rather ordinary colonists with heroic and romantic qualities which, although greatly exaggerated, would be perceived as such by those who read the poems. Most of us are familiar with the central story line of<span> </span><em>The Courtship</em>, but far fewer have read the poem in its entirety, which in a way is a mercy. According to Longfellow, Myles Standish, who was in his late twenties or early thirties upon his arrival in Plymouth, became enamored of Priscilla Mullins, the daughter of William Mullins, who died in the sickness of the winter of 1620-1621. Priscilla was seventeen. Standish, however, could not muster the courage to approach Priscilla and make a personal offer of marriage, so he prevailed on his friend John Alden, who was twenty-one, to act on his behalf. When Alden approached Priscilla with Standish’s offer, she spoke the now immortal words, "Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?" Whether as a result of Standish’s request or not, and it seems highly unlikely that such was the case, John and Priscilla were married in 1623, and produced ten children, six girls and four boys. There was until the 1960's a line of canned goods produced in Massachusetts with the brand name John Alden, which carried a slogan in small print on its label: "It speaks for itself," referring of course to the can’s contents, whether peas, corn, beans or some other vegetable.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It was not until the opening years of the twentieth century that Thanksgiving was added as a central component of the myth of the Pilgrims, joining the other four, the Pilgrims themselves, the Forefathers, the Rock, and the Compact. Just why it should have taken so long for this to occur is not entirely clear, but James Baker offers an explanation which is both logical and convincing. Nineteenth century depictions of the event almost always involve conflict between the settlers and the native peoples. A print from<span> </span><em>Frank Leslie’s Illustrated</em>, 1869, shows people seated around a table, complete with a turkey at one end, under attack by a group of native people, with an arrow stuck in the door and another in the table which appears to have barely missed the turkey. One man is lifting his musket from its rack on the wall to defend his family, and the others show expressions of alarm, except for the man at the head of the table, who stands with hands folded in prayer, and a woman at the opposite end whose head is bowed. It would appear that the attack took place just as the family was giving thanks.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How this violent image became transformed into a peaceful encounter between colonists and Indians is explained by Baker as follows:</span></p> <blockquote> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">It was only after the turn of the century, when the western Indian wars were over and the "vanishing red man" was vanishing satisfactorily, that the romantic (and historically correct) idyllic image of the two cultures sitting down to an autumn feast became popular. . . . By the first World War, popular art . . . school books, and literature had linked the Pilgrims and the First Thanksgiving indivisibly together, so much so that the image of the Pilgrim and the familiar fall feast almost ousted the Landing and older patriotic images from the popular consciousness.</span></blockquote> </blockquote> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is the image that we carry today, and at holiday time stores are filled with depictions of clean shaven Pilgrim men, buckled hats and all, equally well scrubbed women with little white caps, Indians, usually with a single feather stuck in a headband, and of course turkeys, turkeys, and more turkeys, both in cardboard cutouts and in the frozen food section of supermarkets. Schools the nation over present Thanksgiving plays; most Americans are familiar with such productions, and many have participated in them. By far the most memorable of these is to be seen in the film<span> </span><em>Addams Family Values</em><span> </span>in which Wednesday Addams and some of the other "misfits" at a summer camp are cast as Indians in a Thanksgiving play. After being greeted by a pretty young blond Pilgrim maiden, she tells the Indians that they are not different from themselves, except that the Pilgrims wear shoes and have last names. The Indian members of the cast have revised their part of the script, unbeknownst to the camp counselors, and Wednesday delivers a short speech which is both funny and sadly true:<br></span></span></span> <blockquote> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">I am Pocohantas, a Chippewa maiden.<br>Wait, we cannot break bread with you. You have taken the land which is rightfully ours. Years from now my people will be forced to live in mobile homes on reservations. Your people will wear cardigans and drink highballs. We will sell our bracelets by the roadside. You will play golf and enjoy hot hors d’oeuvres. My people will have pain and degradation. Your people will have stick shifts. The gods of my tribe have spoken. They say, Do not trust the Pilgrims.</span></blockquote> </blockquote> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Indians then proceed to tie the Pilgrim maiden who greeted them to a stake and pour gasoline around her feet (we are spared seeing the match applied), the Indians burn the village, and the scene closes with two Pilgrims being spit roasted together over a fire. Regardless of the mixup between Plymouth and Virginia, and between the Chippewa and the Wampanoag, there is far more than a little truth in Wednesday’s, a.k.a. Pocohantas’s words. For an important segment of the American people, Thanksgiving is hardly a day to celebrate in a festive way. To Native Americans, Thanksgiving has come to symbolize the beginning of what would eventually become the tragic destruction of their culture.<br></span></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1970, Thanksgiving was declared a National Day of Mourning by Native Americans, and Plymouth was chosen as the location where it would be observed. Native peoples, both local and others from as distant as various western states, converged on Plymouth, assembling on the waterfront adjacent to the Rock and<span> </span><em>Mayflower II</em>, anchored and secured to the wharf nearby. Attendance some years has exceeded five thousand, and while some occasions are marked by more overt protest than others, the Day of Mourning overshadows all other events in town on that day. Drums and singing are a constant part of the event, and speeches, often delivered with great passion, are also a regular feature of the program. On many occasions, Native Americans boarded the ship and climbed into the rigging, and more than once Plymouth Rock has been either painted red or buried in sand, and sometimes both. The participants fast during the day, taking food only after sundown.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is a significant and understandable irony in the selection of Plymouth and Thanksgiving as the site and date of the Day of Mourning. This selection underlines the power of the Pilgrim myth in the minds of all Americans. Only in the way it is observed is there a dramatic difference. It is historical fact that the Plymouth settlers and their Wampanoag compatriots enjoyed one of the longest periods of peace in colonial history. There were Indian residents within the jurisdiction of the town of Plymouth, and the court records of the Colony tell us that they were treated in much the same way as were Europeans for various offences, and occasionally, received a lighter punishment for the same transgression as was meted out to the settlers. In fact, the second execution in the Colony, involving three Englishman, was carried out in 1638 because they had murdered and robbed a Nipmuck messenger from the chief sachem of the Narragansett. But in other colonies, particularly Virginia, Indian-European relations were strained from the outset. So one could argue that Jamestown would be a more suitable place for the Day of Mourning to be observed, but the power of the Pilgrim myth is such that Plymouth and Thanksgiving were perceived as the appropriate place and time.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span> <p style="text-indent: 3em;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A remarkable event took place on Thanksgiving Day 1971 which completely escaped media attention. Only those who participated in it, and those to whom they might have mentioned it, were, and still are, aware of it. James Deetz, then a senior staff member of Plimoth Plantation, an outdoor living history museum in Plymouth which shows what the settlement might have been like in 1627, taught a course on Native American history during the Harvard Summer School session that year. Among the class members were a number of Native Americans who had been enrolled in Harvard’s newly established American Indian Program. In the course of the summer, Deetz developed friendships of varying degrees with a number of these Indian students, and they visited his home, a large Victorian-style house in Plymouth, for socializing at regular intervals, including nearly every weekend. By the time Thanksgiving approached, it was decided that the house, which had been the scene of so many parties, be used to entertain some eighty-odd Native American high school students who were coming to Plymouth to observe and participate in the Day of Mourning. The high school students, from groups all over America, were part of a program then in existence known as "A Better Chance," formed to expose American Indian students to a variety of educational experiences which would be very different from those obtained in mostly reservation classrooms. Plans were accordingly made. A traditional Thanksgiving dinner would be provided after sundown, [with food] enough to feed more than a hundred people. Late in the afternoon, some ninety Native Americans appeared at the Deetz home, and when it became apparent that the house, large as it was, could not possibly accommodate all that was planned, last minute arrangements were made to use a nearby church hall. At the beginning, there was a palpable tension in the air, and understandably, if one puts oneself in the place of the high school students, finding themselves suddenly in an alien environment, and perceived as not necessarily friendly. For two hours, conversation was minimal, and it was to the credit of the Harvard American Indian students that they served as mediators between the two parties. Once everyone adjourned to the church hall, however, the atmosphere underwent an immediate change. The Harvard group had brought a drum and there was singing and dancing, this alternating with live bluegrass music, the Plymouth group having among them a number of excellent musicians. Before the evening had ended, around ten p.m. when the high school students boarded their bus to return to Boston, it was concluded by all that the festivity had been an outstanding success. But the remarkable, wonderful thing about the entire affair was that it was the first time in three and a half centuries that such a celebration had taken place in Plymouth. It had not been planned in any way to be such an event, but the ethnic make-up of the participants was very close to that of the group who celebrated Harvest Home in Plymouth in the fall of 1621.</span></p> <span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br><span style="font-size: medium;">© 2000 Copyright and All Rights Reserved<br>by James F. Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz.<br>Excerpted by permission of W. H. Freeman and Company.<br>All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced<br>or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.<br><strong><em>Times of Their Lives</em></strong><br>can be purchased from<br>book stores such as<span> </span>Amazon.com.<br><br><br></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Project Home Page</strong></span><span style="color: #800000;"><span> </span>•<span> </span></span><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Archive Home Page</strong></span><br></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Reviews of<span> </span><em>Times of Their Lives</em></strong></span><br></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Tributes to Jim Deetz (1930-2000)</strong></span><br><span style="color: #800000; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><strong>Last Modified: August 28, 2009</strong></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span></span></span></span><hr><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br></span><span style="color: #800000; font-family: times new roman, times, serif; font-size: medium;">© 2000-2009 Copyright and All Rights Reserved by<br>Patricia Scott Deetz,<span> </span>Christopher Fennell<br>and<span> </span><span style="color: #800000;">J. Eric Deetz</span><br><br></span><span style="color: #800000; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p><span style="color: #800000; font-size: medium;"><strong><em>The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims</em><br>by Albert Christopher Addison, 1911</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p> <p><span style="color: #800000; font-size: medium;"><strong>AND ITS PLACE IN THE<br>LIFE OF TO-DAY</strong></span></p> <hr> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">High ideals in the conduct of life are what survive, and that is why the Pilgrim Narrative stands forth in the pages of every history as one of the great events of the time. -SENATOR LODGE, at the dedication of the Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, August 5tb 1910.</span></blockquote> <hr> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">AUTHOR OF "OLD BOSTON: ITS PURITAN SONS AND PILGRIM SHRINES," ETC.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p> <p> <span style="font-size: medium;">BOSTON</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">L. C. PAGE & COMPANY</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">MDCCCCXI</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">CONTENTS</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">I. OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES, Page 1</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">II. THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND, Page 27</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">III. LIFE IN LEYDEN -- ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH -- THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST, Page 47</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">IV. "INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN" -- TRIALS AND TRIUMPH, Page 71</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">V. THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL -- FATE AND FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS, Page 123</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">VI. NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD WORLD SHRINES, Page 159</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">INDEX, Page 189</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">ILLUSTRATIONS</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbour, Frontispiece</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Cells, Guildhall, Boston, Page xi</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">A Bit of Old Gainsborough, Page 5</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Old Manor House, Scrooby, where William Brewster was born.- Scrooby Church, Page 9</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Cottage at AusterfieId where William Bradford was born, Page 13</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Old Hall, Gainsborough, in which the Separatist Church was founded in 1602, Page 17</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Guildhall and South Street, Boston, Page 21</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Old Courtroom, Guildhall, Boston, Page 25</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The River Witham, Boston, Page 29</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrim Cells, Guildhall Boston, showing the Kitchen beyond, Page 33</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Old Town Gaol, Market-place, Boston, Page 37</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Trentside, Gainsborough, Page 41</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Elder William Brewster, Page 45</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">John Robinson's House, Leyden, where the Pilgrim Fathers worshipped, Page 49</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">St. Peter's Church, Leyden, Page 53</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Bust of Captain John Smith, Page 57</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Embarkation of the Pilgrims, Page 61</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Model of the Mayflower, Page 65</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Plymouth Harbour, as seen from Cole's Hill, Page 69</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Landing of the Pilgrims, Page 73</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The March of Miles Standish, Page 77</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Canopy over Plymouth Rock, Page 81</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Old Fort and First Meeting-House, Page 85</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Pilgrims going to Church, Page 89</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Departure of the Mayflower, Page 93</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Captain Miles Standish, Page 97</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor William Bradford, Page 101</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, Page 105</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Plymouth Rock, Page 109</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">A Bit of Old Boston Page 113</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Site of the Old Fort, Burial Hill, Plymouth, Page 117</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">First Church, Plymouth, Page 121</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrim Fathers' Memorial, Plymouth, Page 125</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">John Alden. -- Priscilla Mullins, Page 129</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor Bradford's Monument, Burial Hill, Plymouth, Page 133</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor Carver's Chair and Ancient Spinning Wheel, Page 137</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Elder Brewster's Chair and the Cradle of Peregrine White, Page 141</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Grave of John Howland, Page 145</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Grave of Miles Standish, Duxbury, Page 149</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Miles Standish Monument, Duxbury, Page 153</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor Edward Winslow, Page 157</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Mayflower Tablet on the Barbican, Plymouth, England, Page 161</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Scrooby Village, Page 165</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Ancient Kitchen, Guildhall, Boston, Page 169</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Robinson Memorial Church, Gainshorough, Page 173</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Tablet in Vestibule of Robinson Memorial Church, Gainsborough.-- Memorial Tablet on St. Peter's Church, Leyden, Page 177</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Design by R. M. Lucas for the Tercentenary Memorial at Southampton, Page 181</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The Font, Austerfield Church. -- The Font, Primitive Methodist Chapel, Lound, Page 185</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">PREFACE</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">By a strange yet happy coincidence, on the very day the writer of these lines sat silent in a Pilgrim cell at Boston-the Lincolnshire town where the Pilgrims were imprisoned in their first attempt to flee their native country - pondering on the past and inscribing his humble lines to the New World pioneers, the President of the American Republic was at Provincetown, Massachusetts, dedicating a giant monument to the planters of New Plymouth, the last of the many memorials erected to them. The date was the fifth of August, 1910. President Taft in his address at the commemoration ceremonies declared very truly that the purpose which prompted the Pilgrims' progress and the spirit which animated them furnish the United States to-day with the highest ideals of moral life and political citizenship. Three years before, another American President, Mr. Roosevelt, at the cornerstone laying of this monument, enlarged on the character of their achievement, and in ringing words proclaimed its immensity and world-wide significance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Down through the years the leaders of men have borne burning witness to the wonderful work of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its influence is deep-rooted in the world's history to-day, and</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">in the life and the past of our race it stands its own enduring monument.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The object of the present narrative is to give to the reader an account of the Mayflower Pilgrims that is concise and yet sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all essentials respecting the personality and pilgrimage of the Forefathers, whom-the poet Whittier pictures to us in vivid verse as:</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">those brave men who brought</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">To the ice and iron of our winter time</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">A will as firm, a creed as stern, and wrought</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">With one mailed hand and with the other fought.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In the pages which follow, the Old World homes and haunts of the Pilgrim Fathers are depicted and described. The story has the advantage of having been written on the scene of their early trials, concerted plans of escape, and stormy emigration, by one who, from long association, is familiar with the history and traditions of Boston and the quaint old sister port of Gainsborough, and perhaps imparts to the work some feeling of the life and local atmosphere of those places in the days that are dealt with, and before. The Pilgrims are followed into Holland and on their momentous journey across seas to the West. The story aims at being trustworthy and up-to-date as regards the later known facts of Pilgrim history and the developments which reflect it in our own time. It does what no other book on the subject has attempted:</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">it traces the individual lives and varying fortunes of the Pilgrims after their settlement in the New World; and it states the steps taken in recent years to perpetuate the memory of the heroic band. The tale that is told is one of abiding interest to the Anglo-Saxon race; and its attractiveness in these pages is enhanced by the series of , illustrations which accompanies the printed record. Grateful acknowledgment is made of much kindly assistance rendered during the preparation of the work, especially by the Honourable William S. Kyle, Treasurer of the First (Pilgrim) Church at Plymouth, Massachusetts.</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Men they were who could not bend; Blest Pilgrims, surely, as they took for guide A will by sovereign Conscience sanctified.</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">. . . . . . . . .<span> </span></span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">From Rite and Ordinance abused they fled</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">To Wilds where both were utterly unknown.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">-- WORDSWORTH, "Ecclesiastical Sonnets," Part III. Aspects of Christianity in, America, 1. The Pilgrim Fathers.</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">In romance of circumstance and the charm of personal beroism the story of the Pilgrim Fathers is pre-eminent.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">-- J. A. DOYLE'S " English in America."</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">The coming hither of the Pilgrim three centuries ago . . . shaped the destinies of this Continent, and therefore profoundly affected the destiny of the whole world.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">-- PRESIDENT Roosevelt, at the laying of the corner-stone of the Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown, Massachusetts, August 20th, 1907.</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">FROM A PILGRIM CELL</span></p> <p><br><span style="font-size: medium;">THE PILGRIMS' CELLS,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">GUILDHALL, BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">This is written in a Pilgrim cell, one of those dark and narrow dungeons which the Pilgrim Fathers tenanted three hundred and four years ago, in the autumn of 1607, and behind the heavy iron bars of which men have for generations delighted to be locked in memory of their lives and deeds. The presentday gaoler, less terrible than his predecessor of Puritan times, has ushered me in and closed the rusty gate upon me, and left me alone, a willing prisoner for a space. I look around, but do not start and shrink in mortal dread as must once the hapless captives here immured.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">'Tis a gloomy place as a rule; but just now some outer basement doors, flung open, admit the autumn sunlight, which floods the hall floor and penetrates to the cell where I am seated. To get here I have stooped and sidled through an opening a foot and a half wide and five feet deep, set in a whitewashed wall fourteen inches thick. I stand with arms outstretched, and find that the opposite walls may be pressed with the finger-tips of each hand. The cell extends back seven feet, and the height is the same between the bare stone floor and the roughly</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">boarded roof. All is dingy, cobwebbed, musty, and silent as the grave. Like the neighbouring tenement it is cold, mean, melancholy, fit only to be shunned. Yet its associations are dear indeed. For this is holy ground, a hallowed spot, a Mecca of modern pilgrims. It has a history held sacred in two hemispheres, that of religious persecution, of loyal resolution, of physical fetters and spiritual freedom.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Such is the story inscribed upon these walls, a record which may be read in all their timeworn stones, on every inch of their rusted bolts and bars. For they are the cells of the Pilgrim Fathers. Here was the first rude break in their weary worldly progress, a journey which was to continue with affliction into Holland, thence back to Plymouth, and, after a last adieu there to English soil, on in the little Mayflower to New Plymouth and a New England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Alone in a Pilgrim cell! What thoughts the situation kindles; how eagerly the imagination shapes and clothes them; what scenes this mouldy atmosphere unfolds. The very solitude is eloquent with pious reminiscence; the void is filled again, peopled with those spectres of an imperishable past; their prayers and praise fall on the listening ear, a soft appeal for grace and strength, the lulling notes of a rough psalmody; then answering dreams and visions of the night.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">THE AUTHOR, 1911.</span></p> <hr> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">THE ROMANTIC STORY of the MAYFLOWER PILGRIMS</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">I</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">OLD WORLD HOMES AND PILGRIM SHRINES</span></p> <p> </p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">View each well-known scene:</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Think what is now and what hath been. - Scott.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">LINCOLNSHIRE stands pre-eminent among the English shires for inspiriting records of trials borne and conflicts waged for conscience' sake. The whole country, from the lazy Trent to the booming eastern sea, teems moreover with religious interest. To read what happened between the births of two famous Lincolnshire men - Archbishop Langton in the twelfth century; and Methodist John Wesley in the seventeenth -- is like reading the history of English nonconformity. The age of miracles was long since past; yet Stephen Langton, Primate of England and Cardinal of Rome, was a champion of the national liberties. He aided, nay instigated, the wresting of Magna Charta from King John. That was not the result of his education; 'twas the Lincolnshire blood in his veins. For the outrage on the Romish traditions</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[3]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">the Archbishop was suspended by the Pope. Probably he would have been hanged if they could have got at him.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But we can go back farther even than Langton's time. Not many miles from Gainsborough is the Danish settlement of Torksey, rich in ecclesiastical lore. Here Paulinus baptised the Lindissians on the sandy shore of the Trent, in the presence of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Hereabout, they say, King Alfred the Great was married to the daughter of Etheldred, and the old wives of Gainsborough used to recite tales of Wickliffe hiding on the spot where once stood the dwelling-place of Sweyn and of Canute.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Lincolnshire has always had the courage to bear religious stress, and strange things are. read of it. It was near Louth that the insurrection known as "The Pilgrimage of Grace" began. Eighty-five years before the sailing of the Mayjlower, and thirty years before William Brewster was born, the ecclesiastical commissioners for the suppression of monasteries (which were plentiful in Lincolnshire) went down to hold a visitation at Louth. But the excursion was not to their pleasure. As one of them rode into the town he heard the alarm bell pealing from the tower, and then he saw people swarming into the streets carrying bills and staves, "the stir and noise arising hideous." He fled into the church for sanctuary, but they hauled him out, and with a sword at his breast bade him swear to be true to the Commonwealth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[4]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">He swore. That was the Examiner. When the Registrar came on the scene he was with scant ceremony dragged to the market cross, where his commission was read in derision and then torn up, and he barely escaped with his life. For the same cause there were risings at Caistor and Horncastle -- two of the demurest of modern towns. The Bishop's Chancellor was murdered in the streets of Horncastle and the body stripped and the garments torn to rags; and at Lincoln the episcopal palace was plundered and partially demolished.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But Lincolnshire need rest no fame upon such merits as these. Greater honour belongs to the county, for it was Lincolnshire that made the most important of all contributions to the building of America when it sent forth the Pilgrim Fathers, and afterwards the Puritan leaders, who met for conference in the eventful days of the movement in Boston town, in Sempringham manor house, or in Tattershall Castle, to lay the foundations of the Massachusetts settlements. And, as Doyle in his "English in America," truly says, " In romance of circumstance and the charm of personal heroism the story of the Pilgrim Fathers is pre-eminent. They were the pioneers who made it easy for the rest of the host to follow." Their colony was the germ of the New England States.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Amid the quiet pastures threaded by the Ryton stream, where the counties of York and Lincoln and Nottingham meet, are two small</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[7]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">villages, the homes of the only Pilgrim Fathers satisfactorily traced to English birthplaces. A simple, pathetic interest clings to these secluded spots. At Scrooby is the manor house wherein William Brewster, the great heart of the pilgrimage and foremost planter of New Plymouth, was born. Archbishops of York had found a home here for centuries; Wolsey, at the close of his strangely checkered career, lodged there and planted a mulberry tree in the garden; Bishop Bonner dated a letter thence to Thomas Cromwell. And when William Brewster became Elder Brewster, pensive Puritans often gathered there to worship, "and with great love he entertained them when they came, making provision for them to his great charge." His condition was prosperous and he could we ll afford to do it. A Cambridge man, Brewster early took his degree at Peterhouse; he next saw service at Court, and accompanied Secretary Davison to the Netherlands; afterwards succeeding his father and grandfather as post on the great North Road at Scrooby, a responsible and well-paid office, which he filled for nearly twenty years.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The parish church, "not big, but very well builded," as Leland said; the quaint old vicarage; the parish pound, and all that remains of the parish stocks: these stand witness to the antiquity of Scrooby. A little railway station and rushing Northern expresses are almost the only signs of twentieth century activity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[8]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Scrooby community was an off-shoot from that at Gainsborough, the first Separatist church formed in the North of England, of which the pastor was John Smyth, a graduate of Cambridge, an "eminent man in his time" and "well beloved of most men." Smyth preached at Gainsborough from 1602 to 1606, when he was driven into exile. The members of his church gathered from miles around to its services, crossing into Gainsborough by the ferry-boat on the Trent. This continued for two or three years, until at length "these people became two distinct bodies or churches, and in regard of distance did congregate severally; for they were of sundry towns and villages."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Richard Clyfton, once rector of Babworth near Retford -- "a grave and reverend preacher" --was the first pastor at Scrooby; and with him as teacher was "that famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson," another seceder from the English Church, who afterwards was pastor for many years "till the Lord took him away by death."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Next to Brewster, William Bradford was the most prominent of the lay preachers among the Scrooby fraternity. He became Governor Bradford of the Plymouth Colony -- "the first American citizen of the English race who bore rule by the free choice of his brethren" -- and the historian of the Plymouth Plantation. Bradford, a yeoman's son with comfortable home surroundings, lived at Austerfield, an ancient</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[11]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">agricultural village about three miles from Scrooby on the Yorkshire side. The pretty cottage of his birth is still shown by the roadside near the Norman church, and the parish register bears the record of his baptism, on March 19, 1589. A youth of seventeen years, he walked across the fields to join the Scrooby brethren in their meetings. He and Brewster, the two men who were to impress their individuality so powerfully upon the religious life of the American people, became firm friends, and, says their later historian,'[fn. 1] that friendship, "formed amid the tranquil surroundings of the North Midlands of their native land, was to be deepened by common labours and aspirations, and by common hardships and sufferings endured side by side both in the Old World and the New."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But it was Robinson to whom they jointly owed much guidance. When, in Bradford's own words, "They could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted and persecuted on every side;" when "some were taken and clapt up in prison, and others had their houses beset and watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands;" and when "the most were fain to fly and leave their homes aand habitations and the means of their livelihood," it was John Robinson, the devout and learned pastor, who led them out of Nottinghamshire into Holland, and there inspired within</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">them the vision of complete earthly freedom in the new country across the Atlantic.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Robinson was a Lincolnshire man. Gainsborough claims him, and on Gainsborough his first solid memorial has been raised. Many are familiar with Gainsborough who have never seen the town. Up the Trent sailed Sweyn, the sanguinary Dane, to conquest; and his son Canute -- he that ordered back the rising tide, and got a wetting for his pains -- was at Gainsborough when he succeeded him as King of England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Gainsborough is the St. Ogg's of "The Mill on the Floss," and the Trent is the Floss, along which Tom and Maggie Tulliver "wandered with a sense of travel, to see the rushing springtide, the awful AEgir, come up like a hungry monster" -- the inrush of the first wave of the tide, a phenomenon peculiar at that time to both the Trent and the Witham.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">What George Eliot wrote of St. Ogg's describes old Gainsborough to-day -- "A town which carries the trace of its long growth and history like a millennial tree, and has sprung up and developed in the same spot between the river and the low hill from the time when the Roman legion turned their backs on it from the camp on the hillside, and the long-haired sea-kings came up the river and looked with fierce eyes at the fatness of the land."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">And in sketching the history of St. Ogg's the novelist remembered that time of ecclesiastical</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[15]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">ferment now written about, when "Many honest citizens lost all their possessions for conscience' sake, and went forth beggared from their native town. Doubtless there are many houses standing now," she said, "on which those honest citizens turned their backs in sorrow, quaint gabled houses looking 'on the river, jammed between newer warehouses, and penetrated by surprising passages, which turn at sharp angles till they lead you out on a muddy strand overflowed continually by the rushing tide." Did not Maggie Tulliver, in white muslin and Simple, noble beauty, attend an "idiotic beggar" in the still existing Old Hall, where the Fathers worshipped and John Smyth taught -- "a very quaint place, with broad, jaded stripes painted on the walls, and here and the re a show of heraldic animals of a bristly, long-snouted character, the cherished emblems of a noble family once the seigniors of this now civic hall"?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In this Old Hall the Separatist church was founded in 1602, and here it had the friendly protection of the Hickman family, Protestants whose religious sympathies had brought them persecution and exile in the past.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But the "foreign-looking town" which George Eliot endowed with romance had, like the neighbouring estuary town of Boston, which her language might have served almost as well to paint, been the abode of hard, historic fact. We can imagine the Scrooby brethren crossing the ancient ferry to bid their friends at Gainsborough</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[16]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">farewell. For in 1607 we read, this "groupe of earnest professors of religion and bold assertors of the principle of freedom and personal conviction in respect to the Christian faith and practice" had formed the resolution to seek in another country the liberty they found not at home. [fn 1] But it was as unlawful to flee from their native land as to remain in it without conforming, for the statute of 13 Richard II, still in force, made emigrating without authority a penal crime.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Not Gainsborough alone in the North and East appeals to the never-ending stream of reverent New World pilgrims to Old World shrines. On an autumn day of the year above named came Elder Brewster to the famed new borough of Boston. There he cautiously looked about him, and made a bargain with the captain</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] Seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no hope of their continuance there, they resolved to go into [the] Low countries, wher they heard was freedome of religion for all men; as also how Sundrie from London, and other parts of [the] land had been exiled and persecuted for [the] same cause, and were gone thither and lived at Amsterdam and in other places of [the] land, so affter they had continued togeither about a year, and kept their meetings every Saboth, in one place or other, exercising the worship of God amongst themselves, notwithstanding all [the] dilligence and malice of their adversaries, they seeing they could no longer continue in [that] condition, they resolved to get over into [Holland] as they could which was in [the ] year 1607-1608." -- Bradford's "History of Plymouth Plantation."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[19]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">of a Dutch vessel to receive his party on board (4as privately as might be." But they were betrayed, arrested, stripped of their belongings and driven into the town, a spectacle for the gaping crowd, then haled before the justices at the Guildhall and "Put into ward," there to await the pleasure of the Privy Council concerning them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Boston is a unique old shrine -- "a place familiar with forgotten years," as George Eliot says; a town, as already hinted, resembling Gaiftsborough in many outward features, but even wealthier in associations dear to the hearts of New World pilgrims. Boston and Gainsborough are regarded as the two most foreign-looking towns in England. Many of Boston's inhabitants still hold the brave spirit which enabled their ancestors to endure the religious stress of the seventeenth century. It has been a cradle of liberty since that idea first held men's thoughts and roused them to action.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The quaint buildings, the ancient towers of Hussey and of Kyme, the Guildhall, the Grammar School, the great church with its giant tower all crusted o'er with the dust of antiquity: these stood when Bradford and Brewster and their companions in search of freedom were arraigned before the magistrates for the high crime and misdemeanor of trying to leave their native land.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">They must have had secret friends in the place;</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[20]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">for some time after their Boston adventure the Government sent down Commissioners to make serious inquiry as to who had cut off the crosses from the tops of the maces carried before the Mayor to church "on Sundays and Thursdays and solemn times." John Cotton, the Puritan vicar, openly condemned the act. Suspicion fell upon churchwarden Atherton Hough. But he denied it, though "he confessed he did before that year break off the hand and arm of a picture of a Pope (as it seemed) standing over a pillar of the outside of the steeple very high, which hand had the form of a church in it." The confession seems to have been safely made, and doubtless churchwarden Hough was proud of it. He might have been better employed at that moment; but if any be tempted to ce nsure his Puritan zeal, let them remember the temper of the times in which he lived. There was something more than wanton mischief behind it all. It was not in fact a "picture" of a Pope, but an image much more innocent. But the resemblance was sufficient for Atherton Hough.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The venerable Guildhall, where Brewster and the rest faced the justices, stands in a street containing the queerest of riverside warehouses. One of them, old Gysors' Hall, was once the home of a family belonging to the merchant guilds of Boston, which gave to London two Mayors and a Constable of the Tower in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The Guildhall itself dates from the thirteenth century; the</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[23]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">image of St. Mary which once adorned its front shared the fate of the "picture" on the church tower, with the difference that the Virgin vanished more completely than the "Pope." The hall is regularly used by the public; and local authorities with long and honourable history still deliberate in the ancient court-room, with its wagon roof, its arch beams, its wainscoted walls, and the Boston codt-of-arms and the table of Boston Mayors since 1545 proudly displayed to view. Except for its fittings and furniture the chamber presents much the appearance now that it did when the Pilgrim Fathers, brought up from the cells which exist to-day just as when they tenanted them, stood pathetic figures on its floor and were interrogated by a body of justices, courteous and well-disposed, but powerless to give them back their liberty.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[24]</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">II</span><br><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">THE ARREST AT BOSTON AND FLIGHT TO HOLLAND</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Well worthy to be magnified are they Who, with sad hearts, of friends and country took a last farewell, their loved abodes forsook, And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay. -- WORDSWORTH.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">GREAT things were destined to result from that none too joyous jaunt of Elder Brewster's when, late in 1607, charged by the Scrooby community to find them a way out of England, he went down to Boston and chartered a ship. William Bradford was of the Boston party. Everything was quietly done. In all likelihood the intending emigrants never entered the town, but gathered at some convenient spot on the Witham tidal estuary where the rushing AEgir hissed.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Whether the Dutch skipper was dissatisfied with the fare promised him, or he feared detection and punishment, cannot be told. Yet, when the fugitives were all on board his vessel, and appeared about to sail, they were arrested by minions of the law. Bitter must have been their disappointment; stern, we may be sure, their remonstrance. But they could do nothing more than upbraid the treacherous Dutchman.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[31]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">They were not kept long in doubt as to their fate. Put back into open boats, their captors "rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for money, yea, even the women further than.became modesty, and then carried them back into the town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the multitude who came flocking on all sides to behold them." A goodly sight for this curious Boston mob. " Being thus first by the catchpole officers rifled and stripped of their money, books, and much other goods," proceeds the account, with an honest contempt for the writings of the law, "they were presented to the magistrates, and messengers were sent to inform the Lords of the Council of them; and so they were committed to ward."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The basement cells in which the prisoners were placed had been in use at that time for about sixty years, for "in 1552 it was ordered that the kitchens under the Town Hall and the chambers over them should be prepared for a prison and a dwelling-house for one of the sergeants." There must have been more cells formerly. Two of them now remain. They are entered by a step some eighteen inches high; are about six feet broad by seven feet long; and in lieu of doors they are made secure by a barred iron gate.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Into these dens the captives were thrust. Short of a dungeon underground, no place of confinement could have been more depressing.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[32]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Only the heavy whitewashed gate, scarce wide enough to allow a man to enter, admits the light and air; and the interior of each cell is dark as night. We can imagine the misery of men fated to inhabit for long such abodes of gloom; it must have been extreme. They look as if they might have served as coal cellars for feeding the great open fireplaces which, with their spits and jacks and winding-chains, still stand there in the long open kitchen much as they did when they cooked the last mayoral banquet or May Day dinner for the old Bostonians.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">A curious winding stair (partly left with its post), terminating at a trapdoor in the courtroom floor, was the way by which prisoners ascended and descended on their passage to and from the Court above.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Now these justices who had the dealing with the Pilgrim Fathers were humane men, and were not without a feeling of sympathy for the unhappy captives. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that during some portion of this time, when their presence was not required by the Court, they may have found them better quarters than the Guildhall cells. There was a roomy ramshackle pile near the church in the market-place, half shop, half jail, of irregular shape, with long low roof, which in 1584 was "made strong" as regards the prison part, though in 1603 -- four years before the date under notice -- it was so insecure that an individual detained there was "ordered to have irons</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[35]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">placed upon him for his more safe keeping," with a watchman to look,after him! And thirty years later the jail, "and the prison therein called LittIe-Ease," were repaired.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">We know what "Little-Ease" means well enough; and so did many a wretched occupant of these barbarous places. The Bishop of Lincoln, in the old persecuting days, had at his palace at Woburn "a cell in his prison called Little-Ease," so named because it was so small that those confined in it could neither stand upright nor lie at length. Other bishops possessed similar means of bodily correction and spiritual persuasion.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">This was worse than the Guildhall cells, with all their gloomy horror; and if the magistrates entertained their unwilling guests at the town jail, we may rest satisfied they did not eat the bread of adversity and drink the water of affliction in Little-Ease, but in some more spacious apartment. We have no evidence that they did so entertain them, and the traditional lodging-place of these intercepted Pilgrims is the Guildhall and nowhere else. It is probable, all the same, that a good part of their captivity was spent in the town prison.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Although the magistrates, from Mayor John Mayson downward, felt for the sufferers and doubtless ameliorated their condition as far as they could, it was not until after a month's imprisonment that the greater part were dismissed and sent back, baffled, plundered, and</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[36]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">heart-broken, to the places they had so lately left, there to endure the scoffs of their neighbours and the rigours of ecclesiastical discipline.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Seven of the principal men, treated as ringleaders, were kept in prison and bound over to the assizes. Apparently nothing further was done with them. Brewster is said to have been the chief sufferer both in person and pocket. He had eluded a warrant by leaving for Boston, and we know this was in September, because on the fifteenth of that month the messenger charged to apprehend Brewster and another man, one Richard Jackson of Scrooby, certified to the Ecclesiastical Court at York "that he cannot find them, nor understand where they are." On the thirtieth of September also the first payment is recorded to Brewster's successor as postmaster at Scrooby.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">How the imprisoned Separatists fared, there is nothing to show. No assize record exists. The Privy Council Register, which could have thrown light on the matter, was destroyed in the Whitehall fire of 1618; and the Boston Corporation records, which doubtless contained some entry on the subject that would have been of the greatest interest now, are also disappointing, as the leaves for the period, the first of a volume, have disappeared.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Eventually the prisoners were all liberated. That dreary wait of many weeks was a weariness of the spirit and of the flesh. Patiently they bore the separation, and by and by they</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[39]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">met to make more plans. Next spring they agreed with another Dutchman to take them on board at a lonely point on the northern coast of Lincolnshire, between Grimsby and Hull, " where was a large common, a good way distant from any town." This spot has been located as Immingham, the site of the new Grimsby docks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The women, with the children and their goods, came to the Humber by boat down the Trent from Gainsborough; the men travelled forty miles across country from Scrooby. Both parties got to the rendezvous before the ship, and the boat was run into a creek. This was unfortunate, as when the captain came on the scene next morning the boat was high and dry, left on the mud by the fallen tide, and there was nothing for it but to wait for high water at midday.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Meanwhile the Dutchman set about taking the men on board in the ship's skiff, but when one boatload had been embarked he saw to his dismay, out on the hills in hot pursuit, "a great company, both horse and foot, with bills and guns and other weapons," for "the country was raised to take them." So the laconic historian says, "he swore his country's oath -- Sacramente," and heaving up his anchor sailed straight away with the people he had got. Their feelings may be imagined; and their plight was aggravated by a violent storm, which drove them out of their course and tossed them about for a fortnight, until even the sailors gave up hope</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[40]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">and abandoned themselves to despair. But the ship reached port . at last, and all were saved.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The scene ashore meantime had been scarcely less distressing than that at sea. Some of the men left behind made good their escape; the rest tarried with the forsaken portion of the party. The women were broken-hearted. Some wept and cried for their husbands, carried away in the unkindly prudent Dutchman's ship. Some were distracted with apprehension; and others looked with tearful eyes into the faces of the helpless little ones that clung about them, crying with fear and quaking with cold.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The men with the bills and guns arrested them; but, though they hurried their prisoners from place to place, no justice could be found to send women to gaol for no other crime than wanting to go with their husbands. We know not what befell them. The most likely suggestion is that "they took divers ways, and were received into various houses by kind-hearted country folk.' Yet this we do know. They rallied somewhere at a later day, and John Robinson and William Brewster, and other principal members of the d evoted sect, including Richard CIyfton, "were of the last, and stayed to help the weakest over before them;" and Bradford tells us with a sigh of satisfaction that "notwithstanding all these storms of opposition, they all gatt over at length, some at one time and some at another, and some in one place and some in another, and mette</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[43]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">togeather againe according to their desires, with no small rejoycing " -- to take part in the wonderful movement, begun by the Pilgrims and continued by the Puritans, that gave to a new land a new nation. Thus, wrote Richard Monckton Milnes, in some verse s dated "The Hall, Bawtry, May 30th, 1854" --</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Thus, to men cast in that heroic mould</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Came Empire, such as Spaniard never knew --<span> </span></span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Such Empire as beseems the just and true;</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">And at the last, almost unsought, came gold.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[44]</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">III</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">LIFE IN LEYDEN -- ADIEU TO PLYMOUTH THE VOYAGE TO THE WEST</span></p> <p> </p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Then to the new-found World explored their way, That so a Church, unforced, uncalled to brook Ritual restraints, within some sheltering nook Her Lord might worship and His Word obey In Freedom. -- Wordsworth.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">THE first stage of the pilgrimage from the Old England to the New was now accomplished. Before the end of 16o8 the whole body of the fugitives had assembled at Amsterdam. Two Separatist communities were already there, one from London, of -which Francis Johnson was pastor and Henry Ainsworth teacher, and the other from Gainsborough under John Smyth. But these brethren were torn with dissensions, and the Scrooby Pilgrims, seeking peace, moved on to Leyden, where, by permission of the authorities, they settled early in 1609. Here they embarked upon a prosperous period of church life, and after awhile purchased a large dwelling, standing near the belfry tower of St. Peter's Church, which in 1611 served as pastor's residence and meeting-house, while in the rear of it were built a score of cottages for the use of their poor.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Eleven quiet years were spent in Holland.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[51]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor Bradford says they continued "in a comfortable condition, enjoying much sweet and delightful society and spiritual comfort," and that they "lived together in love and peace all their days," without any difference or disturbance "but such as was easily healed in love."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The conditions of life were stern and hard, but they bore all cheerfully. With patient industry they worked at various handicrafts, fighting poverty and gaining friends. William Bradford was a fustian worker when, in 1613, at the age of twenty-three, he married Dorothy May of Wisbech; the marriage register which thus describes him is preserved in the Puiboeken at Amsterdam. Brewster, who was chief elder to John Robinson, now sole pastor of the congregation since Richard Clyfton had remained behind at Amsterdam, at first earned a livelihood by giving lessons in English to the students at the University. Then, in conjunction with Thomas Brewer, a Puritan from Kent, he set up a printing press, and they produced books in defence of their principles, such as were banned in England. Similar literature, emanating from the Netherlands, had excited the wrath of King James, who still possessed sufficient influence with the States of Holland to enable him to reach offending authors there. This James attempted to do in the case of Elder Brewster through Sir Dudley Carleton, then English ambassador at the Hague. The result was ludicrous failure.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[52]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Brewster quitted Leyden for a time and went to London, not as was thought to elude the vigilance of the Ambassador, but to arrange with shipmasters for a voyage to the West, which the Pilgrims had begun to think about. While Brewster was being sought by the Bishop of London's pursuivants, Sir Dudley Carleton, unaware of the hunt proceeding in London, was actively searching for him at Leyden, and at last triumphantly informed Secretary Naunton that he had caught his man. But as it turned Out, the bailiff charged with the arrest, "being a dull, drunken fellow," had seized Brewer instead of Brewster! The prisoner was nevertheless detained, and after some ado consented to submit himself for examination in England, on conditions which were observed. Nothing came of it however. Brewster returned free and unmolested and Brewer remained in Leyden for some years, when, venturing back to England, he was thrown into prison and kept there until released by the Long Parliament fourteen years later.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Events were meanwhile shaping the destiny of the little Pilgrim community. Holland, though a welcome temporary asylum, was no permanent place for these English exiles, and their thoughts turned before long towards a settlement in North America. By good fortune this was a country then being opened up, and it appeared as a veritable Land of Promise to these refugees in search of a new home.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[55]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first attempt to found an English colony on the mainland of North America was made in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh took possession of the country and named it Virginia in honour of his Queen. Nothing came of this venture, but in 1607 a company of one hundred and five men from England, sailing in three small ships, had landed on the peninsula of Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay, and the first permanent settlement was established.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The chief of this Virginian enterprise was the redoubtable John Smith, a Lincolnshire man, the first of those sons of empire to go out from the East to the West. Strange that this pioneer in the wilderness, who gave to New England its name, should have come from a country which was to contribute so much to the peopling of the New England States. It is upon record that in 16ig Smith, who was then unemployed at home, volunteered to lead out the Pilgrims to North Virginia, but nothing came of the offer.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Leyden brethren in their hour of need turned to the Virginia Company, and the negotiations for a settlement in the chartered territory were not altogether unsatisfactor . The obstacle was their religion. On the Council of the Company they had good friends; but its charter not only enforced conformity, but provided stringent measures of church government. Yet, though the Pilgrims could obtain no formal grant of freedom of worship, the presumption that they would not be disturbed was so strong</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[56]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">that they accepted the conditions and were about to embark when the Merchant Adventurers in London with whom they were associated secured powers from the Plymouth Company, and they decided to sail for New England instead of for Virginia.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Arrangements were not completed without Ircinany quirimonies and complaints;" but the exiles were saddled with such substantial difficulties as want of capital and means of transport, and the bargaining was all in favour of the merchants who were to finan ce and equip the expedition. At length the compact was made and preparations for the voyage were pushed forward, and the eventful day arrived when the Pilgrims were to make the long, lone journey across the seas.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Pastor Robinson and a portion of his flock were to stay behind at Leyden until the first detachment had secured a lodgment on the American continent; and those about to sail, the majority of the little community, went on board the Speedwell, a vessel of sixty tons. The Pilgrims embarked included such stouthearted pioneers as Brewster and Bradford, John Carver, Edward Winslow, Isaac Allerton, Samuel Fuller, and John Howland, all "pious and godly men;" also Captain Miles Standish, who, though not a member of the congregation then or afterwards, was a valiant soldier whose military experience and well-tried sword would, it was suspected, prove of service in a country</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[59]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">where " salvages " were known to exist in large numbers and might have to be encountered with the arm of flesh.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">That was a touching scene and one which stands out boldly in the history of the movement when, on a bright sunny morning in July, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers knelt on the seashore at Delfshaven and Mr. Robinson, his hands uplifted and his voice broken with emotion, gave them his blessing. Affecting also was the parting of the emigrants with those they were leaving behind. They had need of all their courage and patience.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">They sailed with British cheers and a sounding volley fired as salute, and made a brave enough show on quitting land; but troubles dogged them on the waters. Delays and disappointments soon set in. The Speedwell brought them to Southampton, where, anchored off the West Key, they found the Mayflower of London, a bark of one hundred and eighty tons burden, Captain Thomas Jones, and several passengers, some of them merchants' craftsmen. Here some anxious days were spent in patching up the compact with the Adventurers, and while the vessels lay detained letters written by Robinson arrived from Leyden, one for John Carver conveying the pastoral promise -- never, alas! redeemed -- to join them later, and the other, full of wise counsel and encouragement, addressed to the whole company, to whom it was read aloud and "had good acceptance with all and after-fruit with many."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[60]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">With ninety people in the Mayflower and thirty in the Speedwell, and a governor and assistants appointed for each company, the two vessels dropped down Southampton water on August 15 [fn. 1]; but they were scarcely in the Channel when the smaller craft began to leak, and they had to run into Dartmouth and overhaul her. The repairs occupied eight days. At the end of that time the ships again stood out to sea; but, when nearly three hundred miles past the Land's End, Reynolds, master of the Speedwell, reported that the pinnace was still leaking badly, and could only be kept afloat by the aid of the pumps. So there was nothing for it but to turn back a second time, and the vessels now put into Plymouth, the Pilgrims landing at the Old Barbican.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">At Plymouth the Speedwell was abandoned and sent back to London to the Merchant Adventurers, and with her went eighteen persons who had turned faint-hearted, among them Robert Cushman, a chief promoter of the emigration, and his family. Finally, after much kindness and hospitality extended to them by the Plymouth people, of whom they carried a grateful remembrance across the Atlantic, the Pilgrim Fathers said adieu, and all crowded on board the Mayflower, which, with its load of passengers, numbering one hundred and two souls, followed by many a cheering shout and</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] New style, which is that adopted for the dates of sailing, and arrival and landing in North American.[63]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">fervent "God-speed" from the shore, set sail alone on September 16 on its dreary voyage to the West. The weighing of the anchor of that little ship changed the ultimate destiny of half the English-speaking race!</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">We have to remember that a trip like this in such a vessel as the Mayflower, crowded for the most part with helpless people, was a hazardous, undertaking. The dangers of the deep were dreaded in those days for all-sufficient reasons, and here was a tiny craft, heavily submerged, making a winter voyage on a stormy ocean to a destination almost unknown. It must have required the strongest resolution, both of passengersand crew, to face the perils of the venture; the step was a desperate one, but, urged on by circumstances and an indomitable spirit, they took it unfalteringly, having first done what they could to' make the lumbering little ship seaworthy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The weather was cold and tempestuous, and the passage unexpectedly long. Half way across the Atlantic the voyagers incurred the penalty of those early delays, which now left them still at sea in the bad season. Caught by the equinoctial gales, they were sadly buffeted about, driven hither and thither by boisterous winds, tossed like a toy on the face of great rolling, breaking billows, the decks swept, masts and timbers creaking, the rigging rattling in the hard northern blast. One of the violent seas which struck them, unshipped a large beam in the body</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[64]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">of the vessel, but by strenuous labour it was got into position again, and the carpenters caulked the seams which the pitching had opened in the sides and deck. Once that sturdy colonist of later years, John Howland, venturing above the gratings, was washed overboard, but by a lucky chance he caught a coil of rope trailing over the bulwark in the sea, and was hauled back into the ship. A birth and a death at intervals were also events of the passage. It was not until two whole months had been spent on the troubled ocean that glad cries at last welcomed the sight of land, and very soon after, on November 2 1, sixty-seven -days out from Plymouth, the Mayflower rounded Cape Cod and dropped anchor in the placid waters of what came to be Provincetown Harbour.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[67]</span></p> <hr> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">IV</span></p> <p><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">"INTO A WORLD UNKNOWN" --TRIALS AND TRIUMPH</span></p> <p> </p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">The breaking waves dash'd high</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">On a stem and rock-bound coast;</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">And the woods, against a stormy sky,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Their giant branches toss'd. --- Mrs. Hemans.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">WE can imagine with what wondering awe and mingled hopes and fears the Pilgrims looked out over the sea upon that strange New World, with its great stretch of wild, wooded coast and panorama of rock and dune and scrub, wintry bay and frowning headland, to which destiny and the worn white wings of the Mayflower together had brought them. With thankful hearts for safe deliverance from the perils of the sea, mindful of the past and not despairing for the future, they turned trustfully and bravely to meet the dangers which they knew awaited them in the unknown wilderness ashore.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The point reached by the voyagers was considerably north of the intended place of settlement, the vicinity of the Hudson River; but whether accidental or designed -- and some evidence there certainly was which seemed to show that the master of the Mayflower had been</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[75]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">bribed by the Dutch [fn. 1] to keep away from Manhattan, which they wanted for themselves -- the variation was a happy one for the colonists, inasmuch as it saved them from the savages, who were warlike and numerous near the Hudson, while in this district they had been decimated and scattered by disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Now the Pilgrims were a prudent as well as a pious and plucky people, and while yet upon the water they set about providing themselves with a system of civil government. Placed as they were by this time outside the pale of recognized authority, some fitting substitute for it must be established if order was to be maintained. The necessity for this was the more imperative as there were some on board -- the hired labourers, probably -- who were not, it was feared, "well affected to peace and concord." Assembled in the cabin of the Mayflower, we accordingly have the leaders of the expedition, preparing that other historical incident of the pilgrimage. There they drew up the document forming a body politic and promising obedience to laws framed for the common good. This was the first American charter of self-government. It was subscribed by all the male emigrants on board, numbering forty-one. Under the constitution</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn 1] Morton in his "New England's Memorial," declares that the Dutch fraudulently hired the captain of the Mayflower to steer to the north of what is now New York, and adds: "Of this plot between the Dutch and Mr. Jones I have had late and certain information."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[76]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">adopted, John Carver was elected Governor for one year.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Mayflower rode at anchor while three explorations were made to discover a suitable place of settlement, one of them on shore under Captain Miles Standish, and two by water in the ship's shallop, which had been stowed away in pieces 'tween decks on the voyage. On December 21st an inlet of the bay was sounded and pronounced "fit for shipping," and the explorers on going inland found "divers cornfields and little running brooks," and other promising sources of supply. They accordingly decided that this was a place "fit for situation," and on December 26th the Mayflower's passengers, cramped and emaciated by long confinement on board, leaped joyfully ashore. Appropriately the spot was named New Plymouth, after the last port of call in Old England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Pilgrims landed on a huge boulder of granite, the Pilgrim Stone, still reverently preserved by their descendants: a rock which was</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">to their feet as a doorstep</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Into a world unknown -- the cornerstone of a nation! [fn. 1]</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The early struggles of the Plymouth planters and the hardships they endured form a story of terrible privation and suffering on the one hand and heroic endurance and self-sacrifice on the other. They were late in arriving, and the season, midwinter, was unpropitious. The</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">weather was unusually severe, even for that rigorous climate, and the Pilgrims found themselves in sorry plight on that bleak New England shore. Cold and famine had doggedly to be fought, and the contest was an unequal one. Cooped up for so long in the Mayflower, and badly fed and sheltered on the voyage, the settlers were ill-fitted to withstand the stress of the new conditions. For a time it was a struggle for bare existence, and the little colony was brought very near to extinction.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first care was to provide accommodation ashore, and for economy of building the community was divided into nineteen households, and the single men assigned to the different families, each of whom was to erect its own habitation and to have a plot of land. These rude homesteads of wood and thatch, and other buildings, eventually formed a single street beside the stream running down to the beach from the hill beyond. The soil of the chosen settlement appeared to be good, and abounded with "delicate springs" of water; the land yielded plentifully in season, and life teemed upon the coast and in the sea.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But many of the Pilgrims never lived to enjoy this provision of a bountiful Providence. Worn Out, enfeebled in health, insufficiently housed ashore, they were a prey to sickness. Death reaped a rich harvest in their midst. Every second day a grave had to be dug for one or other of them in the frozen ground. Sometimes,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[80]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">during January and February, two or three died in a single day. So rapid was the mortality that at last only a mere handful remained who were able to look after the sick. William Bradford was at this time prostrated, and it is pathetic to note the expression of his gratitude to his friend William Brewster and Miles Standish and others who ministered to his needs and those of the fellow-sufferers around him. Ond house, the first finished, was set apart as a hospital. The hill above the beach was converted into a burial-ground, [fn. 1] and one is touched to the quick to read of the graves having to be levelled and grassed over for fear the prowling Indians should discover how few and weak the strangers were becoming!</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">With March came better weather, and for the first time "the birds sang pleasantly in the woods," and brought hope and gladness to the hearts of the struggling colonists. But, by that time, of the hundred or more who had landed three short months before, one-half had perished miserably. John Carver succumbed in April, and his wife quickly followed him to</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] This is the Cole's Hill of the present day, the spot where half the Mayflower Pilgrims found their rest during the first winter. Five of their graves were discovered in 1855, while pipes for the town's waterworks were being laid, and two more (now marked with a granite slab), in 1883. The bones of the first five are deposited in a compartment of the granite canopy which covers the "Forefathers' Rock" on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[83]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">the grave. Bradford, by the suffrages of his brethren, was made Governor for the first time in Carver's place. He had himself sustained a heavy bereavement, for, while he was away in the shallop with the exploring party, Dorothy May, the wife he had married at Amsterdam, fell overboard and was drowned. Many men of the Mayflower also died that dreadful winter as the ship lay at anchor in the bay, including the boatswain, the gunner, and the cook, three quartermasters and several seamen.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">To other troubles were allied the ever menacing peril of the Indians, which resulted in the famous challenge of the bundle of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake's skin, and Bradford's effective reply to it with a serpent's skin stuffed with powder and shot; also, less happily, that return of Miles Standish and his men bearing in triumph a sagamore's head; and the building of the hillfort, with cannon brought ashore from the Mayflower mounted on its roof, where also they worshipped till the first church was built at the hill fort in 1648. Here it was that the Pilgrims perpetuated the church founded at Scrooby in England. A building erected for storage aon and a portion of his flock were to stay behind at Leyden until the first detachment had secured a lodgment on the American continent; and those about to sail, the majority of the little community, went on board the Speedwell, a vessel of sixty tons. The Pilgrims embarked included such stouthearted pioneers as Brewster and Bradford, John Carver, Edward Winslow, Isaac Allerton, Samuel Fuller, and John Howland, all "pious and godly men;" also Captain Miles Standish, who, though not a member of the congregation then or afterwards, was a valiant soldier whose military experience and well-tried sword would, it was suspected, prove of service in a country </span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">To other troubles were allied the ever menacing peril of the Indians, which resulted in the famous challenge of the bundle of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake's skin, and Bradford's effective reply to it with a serpent's skin stuffed with powder and shot; also, less happily, that return of Miles Standish and his men bearing in triumph a sagamore's head; and the building of the hillfort, with cannon brought ashore from the Mayflower mounted on its roof, where also they worshipped till the first church was built at the hill fort in 1648. Here it was that the Pilgrims perpetuated the church founded at Scrooby in England. A building erected for storage and public worship in the first days of the colony took fire soon after its completion and was burnt to the g round. Of the refuge on the hill Bradford writes: "They builte a fort with good timber, both strong and comly, which was of good defence, made with a flatte rofe and batilments, on which their ordnance was mounted,</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">and where they kepte constante watch, especially in time of danger. It served them also for a meeting-house, and was fitted accordingly for that use." The fort was large and square, and a work of such pretentions as to be regarded by some of the Pilgrims as vainglorious. Its provision was fully justified by the dangers which threatened the settlers, and it became the center of both the civic and religious life of the little colony.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">An excellent idea of the scene at Sunday church parade is given in a letter [fn. 1] written by Isaac de Rassieres, secretary to the Dutch colony established at Manhattan, the modern New York, in 1623, describing a visit he paid to the Plymouth Plantation in the autumn of 1627. After speaking of the flat-roofed fort with its "six cannon, which shoot iron balls of four and five pounds and command the surrounding country," the writer says of the Pilgrims meeting in the lower part: "They assemble by beat of drum, each with his musket or fireIock, in front of the captain's door; they have their cloaks on, and place themselves in order three abreast, and are led by a sergeant without beat of drum. Behind comes the Governor in a long robe; beside him, on the right hand, comes the Preacher with his cloak on, and on the left the Captain</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] The letter was addressed by De Rassieres to Herr Blommaert, a director of his company, after his return to Holland, where the Royal Library became possessed of it in 1847.[87]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">with his sidearms and cloak on, and with a small cane in his hand; and so they march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him. Thus they are constantly on their guard, night and day."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The spectacle may not have been strictly that witnessed at every service on "Sundays and the usual holidays," for this was a state visit to the Colony, with solemn entry and heralding by trumpeters, and the Pilgrims probably treated the occasion with more form than was their wont. Still it is an instructive picture, full of romantic suggestion.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">And then the service itself. For some notion of this we must turn to a visit paid to the Plantation five years later, in the autumn of 1632, when we are introduced to another scene in the fortified church. From the "Life and Letters" of, John Winthrop, Governor of the neighbouring Colony of Massachusetts Bay, we gather that, at the time stated, Winthrop and his pastor, John Wilson, came over to Plymouth, walking the twenty-five miles. "On the Lord's Day," we read, "there was a sacrament, which they did partake in." Roger Williams was there as assistant to Ralph Smith, the first minister of Plymouth church, and in the afternoon Williams, according to custom, "propounded a question," to which Mr. Smith "spake briefly." Then Mr. Williams "prophesied," that i s he preached, "and after, the Governor of Plymouth spake to the question; after him, Elder Brewster; then</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[88]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">some two or three men of the congregation. Then Elder Brewster desired the Governor of Massachusetts and Mr. Wilson to speak to it, which they did. When this was ended the deacon, Mr. Fuller, put the congregation in mind of their duty of contribution; whereupon the Governor and all the rest went down to the deacon's seat, and put into the box, and then returned."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">There is nothing here about the music of the services, such as it was, vocal only, rugged, but not without melody. We know, however, that the Pilgrims used that psalter, brought over by them to New England, with its tunes printed above each psalm in lozenge-shaped Elizabethan notes, which Longfellow so grandly describes in "The Courtship of Miles Standish" as</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">the well-worn psalm-book of Ainsworth,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Printed in Amsterdam, the words and the music together,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Rough-hewn, angular notes, like stones in the walls</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">of a churchyard,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Darkened and overhung by the running vine of the verses.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The duty of "tuning the Psalm," as they designated the performance, in the young colonial days, before choirs or precentors were dreamt of, was delegated to some lusty-Iunged brother present, and, judged by the testimony which has come down to us, it was an onerous one, trying to his patience and his vocal power when, as sometimeess happened, the congregation carried another tune against him. They were called to Sabbath worship in the earlier times by</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[91]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">sound of horn or beat of 'drum or the blowing of a large conch-shelf. At Plymouth we have seen it was by drum beat, probably from the roof, that the people were assembled at the meeting-house.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">When the Mayflower left them to return home in the spring, the settlers must have felt they were desolate indeed, for their nearest civilised neighbours were five hundred miles to the north and south of them, the French at Nova Scotia and the English in Virginia. Seven months later, in November, came the Fortune, bringing thirty-five new emigrants, including William Brewster's eldest son; John Winslow, a brother of Edward; and Robert Cushman, who had turned back the year before at Old Plymouth. In addition to her passengers, the Fortune brought out to the colonists, from the Council of New England, a patent [fn. 1] of their land, drawn up in the name of John Pierce and his associate Merchant Adventurers in the same way as the charter granted them by the P lymouth Company on February 21, 1620, authorising the planters to establish their colony near the mouth of the Hudson river.</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] This document, preserved still in the Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, is dated June 1, 1621, and bears the signatures and seals of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a name for many years prominent in American history. The patent only remained in force a year. That issued by the Council eight years later was transferred by Governor Bradford to the General Court in 1640.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[92]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">View image of "The Departure of the Mayflower"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[93]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">When the Fortune sailed back to England, she carried a cargo of merchandise valued at five hundred pounds. This was intended for the Adventurers, but they never received it, for when nearing port, the vessel was captured by the French and the cargo seized. The ship was allowed to proceed, and Cushman, who returned in her, secured the papers on board, among them Bradford and Winslow's Journal, known as Mourt's Relation, and a letter from Edward Winslow to his "loving and old friend" George Morton, who was about to come out, giving seasonable advice as to what he and his companions should bring with them -good store of clothes and bedding, and each man a musket and fowling-piece; paper and linseed oil for the making of their windows (glass being then too great a luxury for a New England home), and much store of powder and shot.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Soon arrived further parties from Leyden and stores from the Adventurers in London in the Anne and the Little James pinnace, the people including such welcome additions as Brewster's two daughters, Fear and Patience; George Morton and his household; Mrs. Samuel Fuller; Alice Carpenter, widow of Edward Southworth, afterwards the second wife of Governor Bradford; and Barbara, who married Miles Standish. Then from the Leyden pastor came letters for Bradford and Brewster. The writer was dead -- had been dead a year -- when those letters reached their destination, but this they only</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[95]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">knew when Standish gave them the tidings on his return from a voyage to England. John Robinson passed away at the age of forty-nine on March 1, 1622, in the old meeting-house at Leyden, and they buried him under the pavement of St. Peter's Church. Brewster lost his wife about the time the sad news was known, and the messenger who brought it had further to tell of the death of Robert Cushman. Truly the tale of affliction was a sore one.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">By the July of 1623 a total of about two hundred and thirty-three persons had been brought out, including the children and servants, of whom one hundred and two, composed of seventy-three males and twenty-nine females, eighteen of the latter wives, were landed from the Mayflower. At the close of that year not more than one hundred and eighty-three were living. The survivors bravely persevered. Gradually the Pilgrim Colony took deep root. The New Plymouth men were a steady, plodding set, and the soil, if hard, was tenacious. They got a firm foothold. They suffered much, for their trials by no means ended with the first winter; but their cheerful trust in Providence and in their own final triumph never wavered. By 1628 their position was secure beyond all doubt or question. The way was now prepared; the tide of emigration set in; and the main body of the Puritans began to follow in the track of their courageous and devoted advance-guard.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Out there in the West these Pilgrims, or first-comers,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[96]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">View image of "Captain Miles Standish"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[97]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">settled themselves resolutely to the task which lay before them. They were no idle dreamers, though their idealism was intense, and they were united by the bonds of sympathy and helpfulness, one towards another. Their works were humble, their lives simple and obscure, their worldly success but small, their fears many and pressing, and their vision of the future restricted and dim. But they consistently put into practise the conceptions and ideals which dominated them and were to be the inheritance of the great Republic they unconsciously initiated and helped to build up. They established a community and a government solidly founded on love of freedom and belief in progress, on civil liberty and religious toleration, on industrial cooperation and individual honesty and industry, on even-handed justice and a real equality before the laws, on peace and goodwill supported by protective force. They were more liberal and tolerant in religion than the Puritan colonists of Massachusetts Bay, and more merciful in their punishments; they perpetrated no atrocities against inferior peoples, and cherished the love of peace and of political justice.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Although at first the relations of the Pilgrims with their Puritan neighbours were none of the best, a better state of feeling before long prevailed. We have seen how John Winthrop and his pastor plodded over to Plymouth to attend its Sunday worship. Three years earlier, in</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[99]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">1629, Bradford and some of his brethren went by sea to Salem to an ordination service there, and, says Morton in his "Memorial," "gave them the right hand of fellowship." There were other visits, letters of friendship, and reciprocal acts of kindness. We read of Samuel Fuller, physician and deacon, going to Salem to tend the sick, and of Governor Winthrop lending Plymouth in its need twenty-eight pounds-of gunpowder.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">This good feeling strengthened as time went on, and drew together the Plantations of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut for mutual support and protection; and in May, 1643, the deputies of these Colonies, meeting at Boston, subscribed the Articles of Confederation which created the first Federal Union in America. This league prospered well until 1684, when the Colonial charter was annulled and a Crown Colony was established under an Engish governor. Less than a decade later Massachusetts became a Royal province, and that period in American history was entered upon which ended with the Declaration of Independence and the creation of the United States.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">While the federation of 1643 did much for the United Colonies, it overshadowed, but could not obscure, Plymouth and the unique annals and traditions which have preserved for it a foremost place in all American history. With the order of things inaugurated in 1692 the body politic framed by the men of the Mayflower ceased to</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[100]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">have separate existence, but it remains deep in the foundations of the nation which absorbed it. In the modest language of William Bradford used in his day, "As one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone to many, yea, in some sort to our whole nation," a truth which has a far wider application now than it had in Bradford's time.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Such is the story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, romantic, heroic, idyllic, based also upon the principles which have molded and maintained a mighty free nation. Its place in the life of to-day is honoured and conspicuous, and rests upon the rock of a people's gratitude.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">During the nineteenth century it was proclaimed by many orators, among them John QuincyAdams, DanielWebster, Edward Everett, Robert Charles Winthrop, and George Frisbie Hoar -- to name only the century's dead -- who as New Englanders and lovers of liberty were well fitted to voice the virtues of the Pilgrim Fathers, the hardships they endured, their high merits as colonists compared with other colonists of ancient and modern times, and the immense issues springing from their devout, laborious, and seff-sacrificing lives.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Passing on to the twentieth century we have the story taken up by one American President and continued by another at the cornerstone laying and dedication of a combined tribute of State and Nation to the lives and work of the</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[103]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Forefathers. This was the Pilgrim Memorial Monument, erected at Provincetown on a commanding site above the harbour in whose waters the Mayflower dropped her anchor nearly three centuries ago.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The gatherings there of 1907 and 1910 stand out prominently in Pilgrim history, especially so that of August 5 of the latter year, which was grandly impressive alike in its magnitude and its purpose and character. President Taft, the successor of President Roosevelt, arrived in his yacht Mayflower with imposing naval display amid rejoicing and the booming of guns. He was greeted by Governor of the State Eben S. Draper, Captain J. H. Sears, president of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association, and members of the local committee. Accompanying him were Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, United States Senators Henry Cabot Lodge and George Peabody Wetmore, and Justice White of the United States Supreme Court. The scene and the ceremonies, soulstirrin g and significant, are worthy of permanent record.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Escorted by a company of bluejackets, of whom two thousand, with marines from the warships, lined the street from the wharf, President Taft and the other guests were driven up the hill to the Monument, where, from the grandstand at its base, Captain Sears reviewed the plans which resulted in its erection.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[104]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">gave an historical address. In graphic language he contrasted the desolate prospect confronting the Pilgrims at Cape Cod with the picture upon which the present concourse gazed, a happy and prosperous population filling the smiling land and in the harbour traversed by the Mayflower a varied throng of ships, "with them numerous representatives of a strong naval force maintained by the eighty million free people who in nine generations from the Pilgrims have explored, subdued, and occupied that mysterious wilderness so formidable to the imagination of the early European settlers on the Atlantic coast of the American continent."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">With force and pathos Dr. Eliot spoke of the debt they all owed to the Pilgrim Fathers. "We are to hear the voices of the Chief Magistrate of this multitudinous people and of the Governor of the Commonwealth acknowledging the immeasurable indebtedness of the United States and of the Colony, Province, and State of Massachusetts to the adult men and the eighteen, adult women who were the substance or seedbearing core of the Pilgrim company; and we, the thousands brought hither peacefully in a few summer hours by vehicles and forces unimagined in 1620 from the wide circuit of Cape Cod -- which it took the armed parties from the Mayflower a full month to explore in the wintry weather they encountered -- salute tenderly and reverently the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, and, recalling their fewness and their sufferings,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[107]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">anxieties and labours, felicitate them and ourselves on the wonderful issues in human joy, strength, and freedom of their faith, endurance, and dauntless resolution."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Dr. Eliot was followed by M. Van Weede, charge' d'affaires of the Netherlands Legation at Washington, whose Government was represented on this occasion because the Pilgrims sailed from Holland. (The cornerstone laying three years before was attended by the British Ambassador.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Formal transfer of the Monument from the National Commission, which directed its construction, to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Pilgrim Memorial Association, was made on behalf of the United States Government by Senator Lodge, who enlarged upon the two great political principles embodied in the Mayflower compact, the conception of an organic law and of a representative democracy, and on the noble purpose -- that of securing freedom of worship and the preservation of their nationality and native language -- of the little band of exiles who signed the document and settled there.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William B. Lawrence of Medford accepted the Monument on behalf of the Memorial Association, and a quartet sang "The Landing of the Pilgrims," by Mrs: Felicia Hemans.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Congressman James T. McCleary of Minnesota, who supported the bill in Congress for a Government appropriation to assist in the building of the Monument, also spoke.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[108]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Governor Draper then introduced the President. "This Monument," he said, "shows that our people and our State and National Government honour and revere the Pilgrims and the great principles of government they enunciated," and for that reason, he added, "It is most fitting that this Monument, whose cornerstone was laid by one President, should be dedicated by another."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">President Taft declared that the spirit which animated the Pilgrim Fathers had made the history of the United States what it was by furnishing it with the highest ideals of moral life and political citizenship. "It is meet therefore," said he, "that the United States, as well as the State of Massachusetts, should unite in placing here a Memorial to the Pilgrims. The warships that are here with their cannon to testify to its national character typify the strength of that Government whose people have derived much from the spirit and example of the heroic band. Governor Bradford, Elder Brewster, Captain Miles Standish are the types of men in whom as ancestors, either by blood, or by education and example as citizens, the American people may well take pride."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The ceremonies were brought to a close by Miss Barbara Hoyt, a descendant of Elder Brewster, unveiling a bronze tablet over the door of the Monument facing the harbour which bears an appropriate inscription written by Dr. Eliot.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[111]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">And so this magnificent Monument stands as a landmark which, seen from afar across the ocean, will remind the traveller of the small beginnings of New England when, in the words of Dr. Eliot, fired and led by the love of liberty, the Mayflower Pilgrims here "founded and maintained a State without a king or a noble, and a Church without a bishop or a priest."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">It is upon record that in the early days of the Plymouth Plantation an expedition was made in the Mayflower's shallop, a big boat of about fourteen tons, to a point lower down on the coast, where the party made friends with the Shawmut Indians and found a fine place for shipping, and forty-seven beautiful islands, which they greatly admired as they sailed in and out amoAgst them. This was the future Boston Harbour.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">It is interesting to reflect that when, a decade and more after the Pilgrim Fathers had landed in America, some hundreds of Puritan colonists embarked for Massachusetts, many of the leading burgesses of the then only Boston -- that Old Boston, scene of the Pilgrims' detention and suffering -- were of the number. The town cannot claim a contribution to the Mayflower, but it has a boast as proud, for it was, because the ancient seaport sent so large a contingent of Puritans to America that it was ordered "that Trimountain," the site overlooking the sheltered waters and the island group which delighted PiIgrim eyes, "shaIl be called Boston."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[112]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">View image of "A Bit of Old Boston"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[113]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">It was in the spring of 1630 that the main body of Puritan emigrants, John Winthrop's party, sailed from Southampton. A year before that the Massachusetts Bay Company dispatched to the West an expedition of five ships, and one of them was our old friend the wonderful little Mayflower, of immortal memory, which nine years earlier had carried out the Plymouth Pilgrims and was now assisting in the settlement of Massachusetts!</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Among the Bostonians and their friends who sailed with or in the wake of Winthrop were Richard Bellingham, Recorder qf the town (Nathaniel Hawthorne in "The Scarlet Letter" draws Governor Bellingham of the New Boston); bold Atherton Hough aforementioned, Mayor of the borough in 1628; Thomas Leverett, an alderman, f( a plain man, yet piously subtle"; Thomas Dudley and young John Leverett, who became Governors of Massachusetts; William Coddington, father and governor of Rhode Island; and John Cotton, the far-famed Puritan preacher of Boston church, who became one of the leading religious forces of New England life.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">And Old Boston, we have seen, is still much as it was outwardly over three hundred years ago, when the Pilgrim Fathers gazed upon it, and later Cotton preached long but edifying sermons in the vast church, and the Puritan warden struck the Romish symbol from the hand of a carven image on the noble tower.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The first days of the Trimountain Colony</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[115]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">resembled in some of their features those of the planting of New Plymouth. Although their shelter was of the scantiest, the settlers had not, like the settlers of Plymouth, to face at the outset the rigors of a Western winter. The Pilgrims arrived in December, on the shortest day of the year, whereas the day of the Puritans' landing was the very longest. Sickness and famine had nevertheless to be fought. Disease quickly carried off twenty per cent. of the people. About a hundred others returned home discouraged. The rest persevered, and proved themselves worthy followers of the New Plymouth Pilgrims. The Colony was, moreover, recruited by fresh comers from the old country; and through many vicissitudes, dissensions, and setbacks, much that was blasting to the spiritual and moral life and development of the Colony, it prospered materially and gathered strength. And there grew up the New England States.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">On the slope of Burial Hill, [fn. 1] surrounded by memorials of the Pilgrim Fathers and with the graves of their dead in the background; facing down that stream-skirted street of the Pilgrims once bordered by their humble dwellings and echoing to the tread of their weary feet; looking out upon the waters which bore to this haven, long years ago, the storm-tossed Mayflower and</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] Burial Hill was the site of the embattled church erected in 1622, and contains many ancient tombstones and the foundations of a watchtower (1643), now covered with sod.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[116]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">her eager human freight, there stands to-day a church which through the centuries has preserved unbroken records and maintained a continuous ministry. This is the First Church in Plymouth and the first church in America, the church of Scrooby, Leyden, and the Mayflower company, the church of Brewster and Bradford, of Winslow and Carver, whose first covenant, signed in the cabin of the little emigrant ship, is still the basis of its fellowship. Here Roger Williams, the banished of Boston and missionary of Rhode Island -- a man according to Bradford of "many precious parts, but very unsettled in judgment" -- ministered for a time under Ralph Smith in the early stormy days of the sister colony; and here John Cotton, son of the famous Boston teacher and preacher -- "a man of scholarly tastes and habits, somewhat decided in his convictions, diligent and faithful in his pastoral duties" [fn. 1] was pastor for nearly thirty years from 1669.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">As the First Church in Boston is the fifth of its line, so is the First Church in Plymouth the fifth meeting-house used by the Pilgrim community. Its predecessor, a shrine of Pilgrim history around which precious associations clustered, was destroyed by fire in 1892; from the</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] John Cuckson, "History of the First Church in Plymouth." Dying in 1699, two years after his resignation at Charleston, South Carolina, Cotton was "buried with respect and honour by his old parishioners, who erected a monument over his grave."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[119]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">burning ruins was rescued the town bell cast by Paul Revere in 1801, and this sacred relic hangs and tolls again in the tower of the present edifice.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Amid such scenes as these well may we of to-day pause and reflect. For on this hallowed spot, with its historic environment and its striking reminders of a great and honoured Past, was rocked the cradle of a nation of whose civil and religious liberty it was the first rude home.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[120]</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">V</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">THE PILGRIM ROLL CALL -- FATE AND</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">FORTUNES OF THE FATHERS</span></p> <p> </p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled. -- Edmund Spenser.</span></blockquote> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">There were men witb hoary hair</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Amidst that pilgrim band:</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Why had they come to wither there,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Away from Their cbildhood's land?</span><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">There was woman's fearless eye,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Lit by her deep love's truth;</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">There was manhoods brow serenely high,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">And the fiery heart of youth.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">SO sings Mrs. Hemans in her famous poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England." That devoted little Pilgrim band comprised, indeed, the Fathers and their families together, members of both sexes of all ages. When the compact was signed in the Mayflower's cabin on November 21, 1620, while the vessel lay off Cape Cod, each man subscribing to it indicated those who accompanied him. There were forty-one signatories, and the total number of passengers was shown to be one hundred and two. What became of them? What was their individual lot and fate subsequent to the landing on Plymouth Rock on December 26? For</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[127]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">long, long years the record as regards the majority of them was lost to the world. Now, after much painstaking search, it has been found, bit by bit, and pieced together. And we have it here. It is a document full of human interest.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Alden, the youngest man of the party, was hired as a cooper at Southampton, with right to return to England or stay in New Plymouth. He preferred to stay, and married, in 1623, Priscilla Mullins, the "May-flower of Plymouth," the maiden who, as the legend goes, when he first went to plead Miles Standish's suit, witchingly asked, "Prithee, why don't you speak for yourself, John?" Alden was chosen as assistant in 1633, and served from 1634 to 1639 and from 1650 to 1686. He was treasurer of the Colony from 1656 to 1659; was Deputy from Duxbury in 1641-42, and from 1645 to 1649; a member of the Council of War from 1653 to 1660 and 1675-76; a soldier in Captain Miles Standish's company 1643. He was the last survivor of the signers of the compact of Novemb er, 1620, dying September 12, 1687, aged eighty-four years.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Bartholomew Allerton, born in Holland in 1612,was in Plymouth in 1627, when he returned to England. He was son of Isaac AIlerton.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Isaac Allerton, a tailor of London, married at Leyden, November 4, 1611, Mary Norris from Newbury, Berkshire, England. He was a freeman of Leyden. His wife died February</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[128]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">25, 1621, at Plymouth. Allerton married Fear Brewster (his second wife), who died at Plymouth, December 12, 1634. In 1644 he had married Joanna (his third wife). He was an assistant in 1621 and 1634, and Deputy Governor. He was living in New Haven in 1642, later in New York, then returned to New Haven. He died in 1659.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Aflerton, a sailor, died before the Mayflower made her return voyage. Mary Allerton, a daughter of Isaac, was born in 1616. She married Elder Thomas Cushman. She died in 1699, the last survivor of the Mayflower passengers. Remember Allerton was another daughter living in Plymouth in 1627. Sarah Allerton, yet another daughter, married Moses Maverick of Salem.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Francis Billington, son of John and Eleanor, went out in 1620 with his parents. In 1634 he married widow Christian (Penn) Eaton, by whom he had children. He removed before 1648 to Yarmouth. He was a member of the Plymouth military company in 1643. He died in Yarmouth after 1650.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Billington was hanged [fn. 1] in 1630 for the</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] The murderer Billington, sad to relate, was one of those who signed the historic compact on board the Mayflower. He was tried, condemned to death, and executed by his brethren in accordance with their primitive criminal procedure. At first, trials in the little colony were conducted by the whole body of the townsmen, the Governor presiding. In 1623 trial by jury was established, and [footnote continued on next page]</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[131]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">murder of John Newcomen. His widow, Eleanor, who went over with him, married in 1638 Gregory Armstrong, who died in 1650, leaving no children by her. John Billington, a son of John and Eleanor, born in England, died at Plymouth soon after 1627.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Bradford, baptised in 1589 at Austerfield, Yorkshire, was a leading spirit in the Pilgrim movement from its inception to its absorption in the Union of the New England Colonies. We have seen how, on the death of John Carver, he became the second Governor of Plymouth, Colony, and he five times filled that office, in 1621-33, 1635, 1637, 1639-44, and 1645-47, as well as serving several times as Deputy Governor and assistant. A patent was granted to him in</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[footnote continued . . . ] subsequently a regular code of laws was adopted. The capital offences were treason, murder, diabolical conversation, arson, rape, and unnatural crimes. Plymouth had only six sorts of capital crime, against thirty-one in England at the accession of James 1, and of these six it actually punished only two, Billington's belonging to one of them. The Pilgrims used no barbarous punishments. Like all their contemporaries they used the stocks and the whipping-post, without perceiving that those punishments in public were barbarizing. They inflicted fines and forfeitures freely without regard to the station or quality of the offenders. They never punished, or even committed any person as a witch. Restrictive laws were early adopted a s to spirituous drinks, and in 1667 cider was included. In 1638 the smoking of tobacco was forbidden out-of-doors within a mile of a dwelling-house or while at work in the fields; but unlike England and Massachusetts, Plymouth never had a law regulating apparel.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[132]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">1629 by the Council of New England vesting the Colony in trust to him, his heirs, associates and assigns, confirming their title to a tract of land and conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws; but eleven years later he transferred this patent to the General Court, reserving only to himself the allotment conceded to him in the original division of land. Bradford's rule as chief magistrate was marked by honesty and fair dealing, alike in his relations with the Indian tribes and his treatment of recalcitrant colonists. His word was respected and caused him to be trusted; his will was resolute in every emergency, and yet all knew that his clemency and charity might be counted on whenever it could be safely exercised. The Church was always dear to him: he enJoyed its faith and respected its institutions, and up to the hour of his death, on May 9, 1657, he confessed his delight in its teachings and simple services. Governor Bradford was twice married, first, as we know, at Leyden in 1613 to Dorothy May, who was accidentally drowned in Cape Cod harbour on December 7, 1620; and again on August 14, 1623, to Alice Carpenter, widow of Edward Southworth. By his first wife he had one son, and by his second, two sons and a daughter. Jointly with Edward Winslow, Bradford wrote "A Diary of Occurences during the First Year of the Colony," and this was published in England in 1622. He left many manuscripts, letters and chronicles, verses and</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[135]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">dialogues, which are the principal authorities for the early history of the Colony; but the work by which he is best remembered is his manuscript "History of Plymouth Plantation," now happily, after being carried to England and lost to sight for years in the Fulham Palace Library, restored to the safe custody of the State of Massachusetts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Brewster more than any man was entitled to be called the Founder of the Pilgrim Church. It originated in his house at Scrooby, where he was born in 1566, and he sacrificed everything for it. He was elder of the church at Leyden and Plymouth, and served it also as minister for some time after going out. Through troubles, trials, and adversity, he stood by the Plymouth flocks, and when his followers were in peril and perplexity, worn and almost hopeless through fear and suffering, he kept a stout heart and bade them be of good cheer. Bradford has borne touching testimony to the personal attributes of his friend, who, he tells us, was " qualified above many," and of whom he writes that "he was wise and discrete, and well-spoken, having a grave and deliberate utterance, , of a very cheerful spirite, very sociable and pleasante among his friends, of an humble and modest mind, of a peaceable disposition, under-valewing himself and his own abilities and sometimes overvallewing others, inoffensive and innocent in his life and conversation, which gained him ye love of those without, as well as those within."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[136]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Of William Brewster it has been truly said that until his death, on April 16, 1644, his hand was never lifted from Pilgrim history. He shaped the counsels of his colleagues, helped to mould their policy, safeguarded their liberties, and kept in check tendencies towards religious bigotry and oppression. He tolerated differences, but put down wrangling and dissension, and promoted to the best of his power the strength and purity of public and private life. Mary Brewster, wife of William, who went out with him, died before 1627.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Love Brewster, son of Elder William, born in England, married (1634) Sarah, daughter of William Collier. He was a member of the Duxbury company in 1643, and died at Duxbury in 1650.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Wrestling Brewster, son of Elder William, emigrated at the same time; he died a young man, unmarried.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Richard Britteridge died December 21, 1620, his being the first death after landing. Peter Brown probably married the widow Martha Ford; he died in 1633.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Button, a servant of Samuel Fuller, died on the voyage.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Carver, first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, landed from the Mayflower with his wife, Catherine, and both died the following spring or summer. Carver was deacon in Holland. He left no descendants.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Robert Carter was a servant of William Mullins, and died during the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[139]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">James Chilton died December 8, 1620, before the landing at Plymouth, and his wife succumbed shortly after. Their daughter Mary, tradition states, romantically if not truthfully, was the first to leap on shore. She married John Winslow, and had ten childre n.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Richard Clarke died soon after arrival.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Francis Cook died at Plymouth in 1663.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Cook, son of Francis Cook by his wife, Esther, shipped in the Mayflower with his father. He married Sarah, daughter of Richard Warren. On account of religious differences he removed to Dartmouth, of which he was one of the first purchasers. He became a Baptist minister there. He was also Deputy in 1666-68, 1673, and 1681-83-86. The father and son were both members of the Plymouth military company in 1643.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Cook died at Dartmouth after 1694.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Humility Cooper returned to England, and died there.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Crackston died in 1621; his son, John, who went out with him, died in 1628.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Dotey married Faith Clark, probably as second wife, and had nine children, some of whom moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere. He was a purchaser of Dartmouth, but moved to Yarmouth, where he died August 23, 1655. He made the passage out as a servant to Stephen Hopkins, and was wild and headstrong in his youth, being a party to the first duel fought in New England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[140]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Francis Eaton went over with his first wife, Sarah, and their son, Samuel. He married a second wife, and a third, Christian Penn, before 1627. He died in 1633.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Samuel Eaton married, in 1661, Martha Billington. In 1643 he was in the Plymouth military company, and was living at Duxbury in 1663. He removed to Middleboro, where he died about 1684.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Thomas English died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">One Ely, a hired man, served his time and returned to England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Moses Fletcher married at Leyden, in 1613, widow Sarah Dingby. He died during the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Fuller shipped with his wife, Ann, and son, Samuel. The parents died the first season. Samuel Fuller, the son, married in 1635 Jane, daughter of the Reverend John Lothrop; he removed to Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683, having many descendants. Dr. Samuel Fuller, brother of Edward, was the first physician; he married (i) Elsie Glascock, (2) Agnes Carpenter, (3) Bridget Lee; he died in 1633. His descendants of the name are through a son, Samuel, who settled in Middleboro.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Richard Gardiner, mariner, was at Plymouth in 1624, but soon disappeared.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Goodman, unmarried, died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[143]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Hooke died the first winter, as did also William Holbeck.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married in 1639 Catherine Wheldon; he moved to Yarmouth and afterwards to Eastham, and died about 1690.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Stephen Hopkins went out with his second wife, Elizabeth, and Giles and Constance, children by a first wife. On the voyage a child was born to them, which they named Oceanus, but it died in 1621. He was an assistant, 1634-35, and died in 1644. His wife died between 1640 and 1644. Constance, daughter of Stephen, married Nicholas Snow. They settled at Eastham, from which he was a Deputy in 1648, and he died November 19, 1676; she died in October, 1677, having had twelve children. Damaris, a daughter, was born after their' arrival and married Jacob Cooke. John Howland married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. He was a Deputy in 1641, 1645 to 1658, 1661, 1663, 1666-67, and 1670; assistant in 1634 and 1635; also a soldier in the Plymouth military company in 1643. He died February 23, 1673, aged more than eighty years, and his widow died December 21, 1687, aged eighty years.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Langemore died during the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Latham about 1640 left for England, and afterwards went to the Bahamas, where he probably died.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Leister went to Virginia.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[144]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edmund Margeson, unmarried, died in 1621.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Christopher Martin and wife both died early; his death took place January 8, 1621.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Desire Minter returned to England, and there died.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Ellen More perished the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Jasper More removed to Scituate, and his name is said to have become Mann. He died in Scituate in 1656; his brother died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Mullins shipped with his wife, son Joseph, and daughter Priscilla, who married John Alden. The father died February 21, 1621, and his wife during the same winter, as did also the son.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Solomon Power died December 24, 1620.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Degory Priest married in 1611, at Leyden, widow Sarah Vincent, a sister of Isaac Allerton; he died January 1, 1621.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Rigdale went out with his wife, Alice, both dying the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Joseph Rogers went with his father, Thomas Rogers, who died in 1621. The son married, and lived at Eastharn in 165g, dwelling first at Duxbury and Sandwich. He was a lieutenant, and died in 1678 at Eastham.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Harry Sampson settled at Duxbury, and married Ann Plummer in 1636. He was of the Duxbury military company in 1643, and died therein 1684.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">George Soule was married to Mary Becket. He was in the military company of Duxbury,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[147]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">where he resided, and was the Deputy in 1645-46, and 1650-54. He was an original proprietor of Bridgewater and owner of land in Dartmouth and Middleboro; he died 168o, his wife in 1677.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Ellen Story died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Miles Standish, that romantic figure in the Pilgrim history, did good service for the Colony, and practically settled the question whether the Anglo-Saxon or the native Indian was to predominate in New England. Born in Lancashire about 1584, and belonging to the Duxbury branch of the Standish family, he obtained a lieutenant~s commission in the English army and fought in the wars against The Netherlands and Spain. His taste for military adventure led to his joining the Pilgrims at Leyden, and when the Mayflower reached Cape Cod, he led the land exploring parties. Soon he was elected military captain of the Colony, and with a small force he protected the settlers against Indian incursions until the danger from that quarter was past. When they Were made peaceably secure in their rights and possessions, and warlike exploits and adventures were at an end, Standish retired to his estate at Duxbury, on the north side of Plymouth Bay: but in peace, as in war, he was still devoted to the interests of the Colony, frequently acting as Governor's assistant from 1632 onward, becoming Deputy in 1644, and serving as treasurer between that year and 1649. His wife Rose,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[148]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">who sailed with him in the Mayflower, died January 29, 1621, but he married again, and had four sons and a daughter. He died on October 3, 1656, honoured by all the community among whom he dwelt, and his name and fame are perpetuated in history, in the poetry of Longfellow and Lowell, and by the monument which stands upon what was his estate at Duxbury, the lofty column on Captain's Hill, seen for miles both from sea and land.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Thompson died December 4, 1620.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Tilley and his wife Ann both died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Tilley accompanied his wife and daughter Elizabeth; the parents died the first winter, but the daughter survived and married John Howland.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Thomas Tinker, with his wife and son, died the first winter.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">John Turner had with him two sons, but the party succumbed to the hardships of the first season.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William Trevore entered as a sailor on the Mayflower, and returned to England on the Fortune in 1621.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">William White went out with his wife Susanna, and son Resolved. A son, Peregrine, was born to them in Provincetown Harbour, who has been distinguished as being the first child of the Pilgrims born after the arrival in the New World. This is his strongest claim, as his early life was rather disreputable, though his obituary, in</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[151]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">1704, allowed " he was much reformed in his last years." William, the father, died on February 21, 1621 ; his widow married, in the May following, Edward Winslow, who had recently lost his wife.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Resolved White married (1) Judith, daughter of William VassaIl; he lived at Scituate, Marshfield, and lastly Salem, where he married, (2) October 5, 1674, widow Abigail Lord, and died after 168o. He was a member of the Scituate military company in 1643.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Roger Wilder died the first winter, and Thomas Williams also died the first season.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Edward Winslow, an educated young English gentleman from Droitwich, joined the brethren at Leyden in 1617, and accompanying them to New England, was the third to sign the compact on board the Mayflower, Carver and Bradford signing before, and Brewster after him, then Isaac Allerton and Miles Standish. Winslow was one of the party sent to prospect along the coast. Before leaving Holland, he married at Leyden, in 1618, Elizabeth Barker, who went out with him, but died March 24, 1621, and as we have seen, he shortly afterwards married widow Susanna (Fuller) White. Winslow proved himself a man of exceptional ability and character, and gave the best years of his life to the service of the Colony. While on a mission to England in its interests in 1623, he publi shed an account of the settlement and struggles of the Mayflower Pilgrims, under the title "Good</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[152]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">News for New England, or a relation of things remarkable in that Plantation." Later he wrote (and published in 1646) "Hypocrisie Unmasked; by a true relation of the proceedings of the Governor of Massachusetts against Samuel Groton, a notorious Disturber of the Peace," which is chiefly remarkable for an appendix giving an account of the preparations in Leyden for removal to America, and the substance of John Robinson's address to the Pilgrims on their departure from Holland. Winslow was Governor of the Colony in 1633, 1636, and 1644, and at other times assistant. In 1634 he went to England again on colonial business, and before sailing accepted a commission for the Bay Colony which required him to appear before the King's Commissioners for Plantations. Here he was brought face to face with Archbishop Laud, who could not resist the opportunity of venting his wrath upon the representative of the Plymouth settlement, about whose sayings and doings he had been duly informed. Winslow was accused of taking part in Sunday services and of conducting civil marriages. He admitted the charges, and pleaded extenuating circumstances; but Laud was not to be appeased and committed the bold Separatist to the Fleet Prison, where he remained for seventeen weeks, when he was released and permitted to return to America, wounded in his conscience by the cruel wrong done him and impoverished by legal expenses. in October, 1646, against the advice of his compatriots,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[155]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Winslow undertook another mission to the old country, this time in connection with the federation of the New England Colonies, and, accepting service under Cromwell, sailed on an expedition to the West Indies, caught a fever, and died, and was buried at sea on May 8, 1655.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Gilbert Winslow, another subscriber to the compact in the Mayflower's cabin, returned subsequently to England and died in 1650.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Apart from the events of their after lives, the spirit which possessed the Mayflower Pilgrims and guided their leaders in exile is well expressed by Mrs. Hemans when she says, in her stirring lines --</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">They sought a faith's pure shrine!</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Ay, call it holy ground,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The soil where first they trod;</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">They have left unstained what there they found --</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Freedom to worship God.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[156]</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">VI</span><br><br><br><span style="font-size: medium;">NEW WORLD PILGRIMS TO OLD</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">WORLD SHRINES</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">pilgrim shrines,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Shrines to no code or creed confined. -- Longfellow.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">MEMORIES of the Mayflower and the Pilgrim Fathers were actively revived when, in July, 1891, during the Mayoralty of Mr. J. T. Bond, a number of the Pilgrims' descendants and their representatives from the New World visited Old World Plymouth, and with an interest whole-hearted and profound inspected the scene, famous in the annals and traditions of our race, which witnessed their forbears' last brief sojourn on English soil -- a place where the Fathers, as they never tired of testifying, in the days when Thomas Townes was Mayor, were "kindly entertained and courteously used by divers friends there dwelling, " and whence the sturdy little Mayflower sailed to the West with its precious human freight, to lay the foundation of the New England States.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">To commemorate this visit, and the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers two hundred and seventy years before, the site of the historic embarkation was marked by the Mayflower Stone and Tablet placed on the Barbican at Plymouth, the stone</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[163]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">in the pavement of the pier adjacent to the ancient causey trod by the Pilgrims' departing feet and destroyed a few years later, and the tablet on the wall of the Barbican facing it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The memorial and the circumstances of its erection formed a fitting tribute to the New England pioneers; and the story told by these stones should serve to remind all who behold them of the devoted lives, the splendid achievement, and the romantic history of the Mayflower Pilgrims. They are at once a landmark and a shrine honoured by the English and American peoples.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">In June, 1896, another company of New World pilgrims landed at Plymouth, and proceeded to worship in spirit at Old World shrines. During two weeks they wandered about the dear old country -- "Our Old Home," as Nathaniel Hawthorne calls it in his book of English reminiscences -- lingering on the scenes associated with the lives of their forefathers: quiet villages wherein they were born; quaint, half-forgotten boroughs in which they lived; the metropolis in which they taught; the sombre East Anglia, where many of them died "for the testimony-" But chief of all were the places where these sojourners could look on the homes of the grave, brave men who gathered together the people who sailed in the Mayflower, and led the way to the New World.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">We still call them "the Pilgrim Fathers," in spite of what the Reverend Joseph Hunter, an esteemed native of South Yorkshire, wrote in</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[164]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">his book. [fn. 1] "There is something of affectation in this term," he finds, "which is always displeasing to me." "It appears to me," says he, "to be philologically improper." And then he explains. "An American who visits the place from which the founders of his country emigrated is a pilgrim in the proper sense of the word, whether he finds an altar, a shrine, or a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders, when they found the shores of America, were proceeding to no object of this kind, and even leaving it to the winds and the waves to drive them to any point on an unknown and unmarked shore."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Perhaps Mr. Hunter is right, philologically; but apart from his history (which may be challenged, because the master of the Mayflower knew where he was going if the Pilgrims did not,</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] Collections Concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Plymouth." Mr. Hunter was assistantkeeper of H.M. Records, and after the village had remained for more than two centuries in oblivion, located Scrooby as the birthplace of the Pilgrim Church. His sole guide in the search were the brief statements in Bradford's History that the members of the church "were of several towns and villages, some in Nottinghamshire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire, where they bordered nearest together," and that "they ordinarily met at William Brewster's house on the Lord's day, which was a manor of the bishop's." The inquiry which led to this important discovery was instigated by the Honourable James Savage while on a visit to England. The key was supplied by Governor Bradford, Mr. Savage detected it; Mr. Hunter unlocked the hidden and forgotten door.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[167]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">and a map and description of the region had been published by Captain John Smith, the name-giver of New England), the designation stands, and will ever be cherished by those familiar with the spots these faithful Fathers left when, pilgrims and wanderers, they set forth they scarcely knew whither, and finally crossed the Iittle-known sea. And the most historic of such shrines are in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">When the New World pilgrims arrived at Plymouth for the journey through the old country, by a curious arrangement they travelled backwards; for Plymouth was the last place the Pilgrim Fathers touched, and the haunts they took in turn were those which saw the rise and earlier efforts of those grave and reverend seekers for religious freedom. Soon they reached Boston -- dreamy, old-world, tide-washed, fenland-locked Boston -- scene of deep interest to them all, filled with hallowed memories of the Pilgrim Fathers and founders of the Western States.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The party numbered nearly fifty, a dozen at least of whom could lay claim to be lineal descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Their leader was the Reverend Dr. Dunning of Boston, Massachusetts, and among them were representatives of the National Council of American Congregational churches.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Boston, like Plymouth, gave them a warm welcome. The cordiality of their reception to</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[168]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">the old town was acknowledged on behalf of the pilgrims by Dr. Dunning. "Our fathers found it difficult to get away from Boston," said he, "and from the kindness you have shown us we are much afraid that you are planning to detain us also." The character of the "detention" was very different with nearly three centuries intervening, and this Dr. Dunning and his friends abundantly realised.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The visitors were taken over the old parish church, and were duly impressed by its size and grandeur as a whole; and the scene was most striking and memorable when, gathered within its beautiful chancel, these representative New World men, many of them with the blood of the Pilgrim Fathers in their veins, joined in singing together the noble hymn, "O God, our help in ages past." Next the Guildhall was visited. Here the disused sessions-court, where the fugitives were arraigned in 1607, and other upper rooms were scrutinised.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">But most attractive were the kitchen and prison beneath. The cells must in fact have had more "prisoners" in them that day than they had held for a long time, for there was scarcely a member of the company who was not shut up in at least one of them during the inspection. They thus realised something of what their forefathers actually endured; the taste of the bitterness was slight, and wanting in the old-time flavour which the prisoners' treatment imparted, but it was sufficient to call forth expressions of</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[171]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">abhorrence at the thought of continued confinement in such a place.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">At last the pilgrims said farewell to a town crowded with precious memories and entrained for Lincoln, where their welcome by the Free Churches and Cathedral authorities was in keeping with that extended to them everywhere on theirroute. At Lincoln they received an address. "We feel, " said the Nonconformists there, "that in welcoming you to this county of ours, we are welcoming you back to your ancestral home, for Lincolnshire people never forget that their county is inseparably associated with the history of the Pilgrim Church. We claim the'great John Robinson, the pastor of the Pilgrim church, as our own, and the neighbouring town of Gainsborough boasts of having been for some time the church's home. We are proud of the men, of the testimony they bore, of the work they did. All England is debtor to the men of the Pilgrim Church for their heroic witness in behalf of a pure and Scriptural faith and freedom of conscience worship."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">And "the neighbouring town of Gainsborough," home of the Pilgrim Church, gave itself up at this time to a ceremonial stonelaying of the Robinson Memorial Church, a function which the American pilgrims attended, together with the Honourable T. F. Bayard, the United States Ambassador, who made a journey into Lincolnshire to lay this stone, and Congregationafists gathered from all parts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[172]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">First the pilgrims drove to Scrooby, Bawtry, and Austerfield, where they inspected Brewster's house and Bradford's cottage and other objects of absorbing interest linked with the lives of the exiled Separatists. They then entered Gainsborough -- that " foreign-looking town," subject of George Eliot's romantic pen, birthplace of John Robinson -- where an address was presented to Mr. Bayard at the Town Hall, and luncheon was partaken of at the Old Hall, one of Gainsborough's most cherished antiquities, where John Smyth and his brethren held services and John Wesley many times preached. A move was next made to the site of the future Robinson Memorial Hall, a building at once a tribute to a worthy Englishman and an agency for the development of Christian work in the home of the Pilgrim Fathers. The proceedings were under the presidency of the Reverend J. M. Jones, chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. To Mr. Bayard was handed a silver trowel, the gift of the congregation of the Gainsborough church, bearing an inscription and engravings of the Mayflower and of Delfshaven, on whose beach Robinson knelt in prayer with the Pilgrim band ere they set out on their long and checkered voyage. Having laid the cornerstone, Mr. Bayard sketched the early life of John Robinson, on from his Cambridge career to his harassed ministry at Norwich, his withdrawal to Lincolnshire in 1604 and the inception of the Scrooby congregation,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[175]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">whose faith found cause for hope and cheerful courage in the dark hours of their persecution, adversity, and affliction. He went on to picture the blessings of civil and religious liberty which we are'apt to accept and enjoy without giving much heed to the generations that in bygone years toiled and suffered to secure them for us. How small, said he, the measure of our gratitude and infrequent our recognition of those who</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Beyond their dark age led the van of thought.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Well, reasoned Mr. Bayard, on such a scene and such an occasion as this, might the words of Whittier be repeated --</span></p> <blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;">Our hearts grow cold,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">We lightly hold</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">A right which brave men died to gain;</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The stake, the cord,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">The axe, the sword,</span><br><span style="font-size: medium;">Grim nurses at its birth of pain.</span></blockquote> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">It was the momentous issues raised by the invasion of liberty of conscience that drove John Robinson and his associates forth. As William Bradford has recorded, " Being thus molested and with no hope of their continuance there, by a joynte consent they resolved to go into ye low countries, where they heard was freedom of religion for all men." Then it was that they made the attempted passage from Boston to The Netherlands.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Glancing at the history of the arbitrary and cruel measures taken to prevent the departure</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[176]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">of the congregation, which finally, in broken detachments, distressed, despoiled, imperilled by land and sea, assembled at Amsterdam, moving thence to Leyden, Mr. Bayard paid grateful recognition to the country which, in their hour of sore need, extended to exiles welcome protection and generous toleration in an age of intolerance, and recited the familiar incidents connected with their sailing for America. "It is clear and plain to us now that the departure from England of this small body of humble men was a great step in the march of Christian civilisation. It contained the seed of Christian liberty, freedom of enquiry, freedom of man's conscience." As for John Robinson, between whose grave and the colony he was the means of planting, washes the wide ocean he never crossed. His memory is a tie of kindred -- a recognition of the common trust committed to both nations to sustain the principles of civil and religious liberty of which he was a fearless champion, and under which he has so marvellously fulfilled the prophesy "A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a great nation." And the seed of Christian liberty, sown in adversity but on good soil, has become a wide-spreading tree in whose sheltering branches all who will may lodge.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Six years after this stone-laying, in June, 1902, the tercentenary of the founding. of the Gainsborough church, a tablet was unveiled in the vestibule of the new building to commemorate the world-wide co-operation in honouring</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[179]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">one "the thought of whom stirs equal reverence in English and American hearts."</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">What the American Ambassador so well said at Gainsborough was a fitting prelude to the excursion which his countrymen, continuing their itinerary, made to the Pilgrim scenes in Holland where, in 1891, the English Plymouth memorial year, they had erected on St. Peter's Cathedral at Leyden, under which lie his bones, a tablet to John Robinson, pastor of the English church worshipping "over against this spot," whence at his prompting went forth the Pilgrim Fathers to settle New England.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Gainsborough ceremony and the visits to Plymouth and Boston forged further links in the chain of sympathy and brotherhood between England and America. Fresh evidence has since been forthcoming that the religious zeal and love of manly independence which induced the Mayflower Pilgrims to expatriate themselves and found a mighty empire across the Atlantic have their abiding influence to-day. We have seen how these New World pilgrimages to Old World shrines rekindled dormant affections on both sides. [fn. 1] No doubt the journeys</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[fn. 1] In another part of England, in 1910-11, Americans were joining hands with the people of Southampton in raising on the old West Quay of that port a Pilgrim shrine to the men of New Plymouth who, as we know, sailed thence in the Mayflower on their interrupted voyage to the West, on August 5 (O.S.), 1620. It was proposed to unveil this memorial on August 15, 1912.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[180]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">will be renewed again and again over much the same ground in the days to come.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">It was about this time that Mr. Bayard was instrumental in restoring to the State of Massachusetts William Bradford's manuscript "History of Plymouth Plantation." About the middle of the eighteenth century this valuable record was deposited in the New England Library, in the tower of the Old South Church in Boston, but it disappeared, and found its way to England. By some it was thought that Governor Hutchinson carried it off; others believed that it was looted by British soldiers when Boston was evacuated. Anyhow it vanished, and was given up for lost. But by a lucky chance it was discovered. It was not until 1855 that certain passages in Wilberforce's "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America," printed in 1846, professing to quote from "a manuscript History of Plymouth in the Fulham Library," revealed the whereabouts of the priceless folios. These quotations were identified as being similar to extracts from Bradford's History made by earlier annalists -- Nathaniel Morton, who used it freely in his "New England's Memorial," published 1669; Thomas Prince, in his "Annals" printed in 1736; and Governor Hutchinson, the last man known to have seen the manuscript, who used it in the preparation of his "History of Massachusetts" (second volume), in 1767. The story of the return of the manuscript has been told by the Honourable George F. Hoar,</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[183]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">the venerable Senator of Massachusetts who, during a visit to England, interviewed the Bishop of London on the subject, and, when the History had been recovered through the good offices of Mr. Bayard, had the satisfaction of handing it over to Governor Wolcott on May 24, 1897. Ten years subsequently, after Mr. Bayard's death, another Bishop of London, engaged on a mission to America, presented to President Roosevelt the original deed appointing Colonel Coddington first Governor of Rhode Island. This document was found in the muniment room at Fulham Palace; it bears the seal of the Cromwellian Government and the signature of Bradshaw.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Those Americans who visited the district of Bawtry for the purpose of seeing the Pilgrim village of Austerfield would be surprised ten years later, in August, 19o6, to hear that the font in the old parish church, which had so often been pointed to as that at which William Bradford was baptised, was not in reality what it had been represented to be. For some time there was a heated controversy in the district, and this revealed certain strange facts concerning the font which go to prove that the Norman font used at Bradford's baptism is at the present time in a small Primitive Methodist chapel at Lound near Retford, Nottinghamshire. It seems that about fifty years ago the sexton, one Milner, was ordered to clear certain rubbish out of the church at Austerfield, and sell it. Among the</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[184]</span></p> <p> </p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">objects thus disposed of was the font. A farmer, John Jackson, became the purchaser, and a few years later the font passed to his son, who for some time kept it in his garden as an ornament. In 1895 the farm changed hands, the new tenant being a Mr. Fielding, and included in the fixtures he took over was the font, described in the auctioneers' valuation award, dated April 15, 1895, as "Garden -- Stone baptismal font (formerly in Austerfield Parish Church)." Having no wish to keep the font Mr. Fielding gave it to his mother, a native of AusterfieId, and she in turn handed it over to the trustees of the chapel at Lound, where it still remains, jealously guarded in the incongruous surroundings of its alien home. It is noted that when, years ago, the clergyma n at Austereld discovered what sexton Milner had done, he sent for him and told him of the great loss the church had sustained. It was little use locking the stable door when the steed had gone, but the sexton, being a man of resource, thought he saw a way out of the difficulty. So to avoid further trouble he brought a trough from his own farmyard and substituted it for the lost font! That was a very impious kind of fraud indeed, but it seems quite clear that it was perpetrated. The church authorities, it must be admitted, have done their best to atone for the faults of the past in the direction of trying to restore the ancient font to its original place. Unfortunately they have not succeeded, for though good offers were made to Mrs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[187]</span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">Fielding and the chapel trustees, they resolutely refused to part with the precious relic. The fear was then entertained that a wealthy American would some day buy the font, and thus deprive the district of one of its most historic possessions. It is questionable, however, if that fate would be worse than the one that has already overtaken the font. Should the failure to restore it to its rightful place unhappily continue, the more satisfactory alternative would appear to be its purchase and presentation, say, to the Pilgrim Church at New Plymouth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">THE END.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;">[188]</span></p> <p><br><br><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Project Home Page</strong></span><span style="color: #800000;"> • </span><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Archive Home Page</strong></span><br><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Images from Addison's <em>Romantic Story</em></strong></span><br><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Excerpts from <em>The Times of Their Lives</em></strong></span><br><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Tributes to Jim Deetz (1930-2000)</strong></span><br><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>Last Modified: December 14, 2007</strong></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p> <hr> <p><span style="font: /normal 'times new roman'; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;"><br><span style="color: #800000; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;">© 2000-2007 Copyright and All Rights Reserved by<br><span style="color: #800000;">Patricia Scott Deetz</span> and <span style="color: #800000;">Christopher Fennell</span><br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> <!-- SN:TREESUI07 --> http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/passengers.php Information from this site.</p><p>NOTE: (Taken from "The Truth About the Pilgrims" by Stoddard, Francis R.) "The Date of the Landing (p 20). "The Pilgrim method of fixing the day of the month differed from ours today. Prior to 1752, the civil year began on March 25, which was called the first month. April was the second month. The new style was introduced and has been continued since 1752. to render Old Style (O.S.) into New Style (N.S.), the first month must be accounted the third, and ten days be added to all dates between 1582 and 1700, and eleven days to dates between 1700 and 1752. For the single year, 1600, eleven days should be added. </p><p>The day of the landing by the third exploring party in the shallop at Plymouth was on the 11th day of December "O.S." This corresponds to the 21st day of December "N.S." as just explained." </p><p><font size="3">The "Mayflower" was hired in London. She sailed from there to Southampton in July 1620 to load food and supplies for the voyage. Most of the Pilgrims were still living in Leiden in the Netherlands. They hired another ship, the "Speedwell" to take them from Delfthaven, Netherlands to Southampton, England to meet with the "Mayflower". The plan was to sail the 2 ships together to Northern Virginia, which was where they were given a patent for land. </font></p><p><font size="3">The "Speedwell" left Delfthaven 22 July 1620 (o.s.), arriving at Southampton to meet the "Mayflower". "Speedwell" had been leaking from the Netherlands to England and they spent a week trying to patch her. On 5 August (o.s.) 15 Aug (n.s.), the 2 ships set sail for America. The "Speedwell" began leaking again, so they docked at Dartmouth, England for repairs. This was about 12 August (o.s.). The "Speedwell" was patched once again and the 2 ships again set sail for America about 21 August (o.s.). After they had sailed about 300 miles out to sea, the "Speedwell" again began to leak. This was now an enormous amount of time lost and they decided that they would not be able to make the "Speedwell" seaworthy; so they returned to Plymouth, England. They now left the leaking ship behind. The cargo was transferred to the "Mayflower" and some of the passengers were so tired and disappointed with the problems that they quit and returned to their homes. The rest crammed into the now crowded "Mayflower." </font></p><p><font size="3">Of the 102 passengers, 3 were pregnant women. Mrs. Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth during the voyage. Stephen and Elizabeth Hopkins named their son Oceanus. The other 2 women would give birth shortly after their arrival in America.</font></p><p><font size="3">On 6 Sep 1620(old style dating o.s.) or 16 Sep 1620 (new style dating n.s.) the "Mayflower" departed from Plymouth, England and sailed for America. By this time they had been living on board the ships for almost a month and a half. The voyage took 66 days until they spotted Cape Cod, Massachusetts on 9 Nov 1620 (o.s.) 19 Nov 1620 (n.s.). By October they had encountered some Atlantic storms that made the voyage treacherous. Several times the wind was so strong that they just had to drift where the weather took them, for fear of damage to the sails. The ship's Master, Christopher Jones, felt that the ship was strong; so they caulked leaks, fixed the main beam which had cracked in a storm with a large screw and continued the voyage.</font></p><p><font size="3">They had intended to land in Northern Virginia, which at that time included the region as far north as the Hudson River in the modern state of New York. As the "Mayflower" approached land, the crew spotted Cape Cod just as the sun rose on 9 November. They decided to continue south, to the mouth of the Hudson River, their original intended destination. However, as the "Mayflower" headed south, it encountered very rough seas and nearly shipwrecked. They decided, rather than risk another attempt to go south, they would stay and explore Cape Cod. They turned back north, rounded the tip, and anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor on 11 Nov 1620 (o.s.). For the next month and a half they explored Cape Cod, trying to decide where to build their plantation. On 25 December 1620 (o.s.), they had finally decided upon Plymouth and began construction of their first buildings.</font></p>
<span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Plymouth Colony Timeline – 1608 to 1691 – With Emphasis on Pilgrim and Other</font></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> I</span>mmigrant Dealings With the Sea </font></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">Author:<span> </span>Robert A. McCaughey (online document apparently from a lecture)</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1609 – Seagoing troubles getting Pilgrims from Scrooby, England to Holland</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1617 – Decision on part of Leyden Pilgrims to strike out for America<br><br></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1620 – Arrange for two ships to effect passage from Leyden (<u>Speedwell</u>)<span> </span>and Southampton </font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">(<u>Mayflower</u>)<span> </span>to America south of 40N<br><br><strong>1620</strong><br>July 22 – <u>Speedwel</u>l departs Holland to meet up with <u>Mayflower</u> at Southampton </font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">August – Two attempts to get out of English Channel, both times thwarted by leaky <u>Speedwell</u></font></font> <font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">having to turn back, first to Dartmouth, second time </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">to Plymouth<br><br></font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">September 6 – Mayflower, with 102 passengers, sets out alone on a fair ENE wind<br><br>November 9 – Sighted land on north side of Cape Cod, 42 N<br>November 10 – Failed in attempt to round Cape Cod and press on to New Netherland; obstructed </font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">by Pollack Rip [a treacherous stretch of shoal </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">water between Cape Cod and Nantucket Island]</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">November 11 – Anchor in Provincetown Harbor (see lots of whales)<br>November 12/13 – Unshipped <span> </span>35’shallop [a small boat] and started to put it back together<span> </span>-- 5 </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">weeks anchored in Provincetown</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">December 6 – Shallop, with 34 men, sailing west across the bay side of Cape in search of a </font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">habitation<span> </span>-- stopovers in Wellfleet Harbor and </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">Barnstable Harbor<br>December 8 – Enter Plymouth Harbor; same day as Bradford’s wife Dorothy drowned by slipping </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">off the <u>Mayflower</u> back in Provincetown<br>December 10 – Shallop crew comes ashore; decided to settle there; sends shallop back for the <u>Mayflower</u> </font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">December 16 –<u> Mayflower</u> anchored in Plymouth Harbor – to winter there<br>December 19 – Passengers come ashore</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(Nearly half of the 102 original “transplanters” dead by spring of 1621)</font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1621</strong><br>April – <u>Mayflower</u> sails back to England – empty<br>June – Shallop voyage to Nauset/Eastham in search of lost boy<br>November 21 – Arrival of the <u>Fortune</u>, with 35 new colonists<br>December – <u>Fortune</u> sailed for England with clapboard. Beaver, otter skins</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1622</strong><br>Spring – Edward Winslow dispatched to Maine coast to trade/buy provisions from fishing fleet. <u>Charity</u> to Plymouth; sailed home in October</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1623</strong><br>July/August – Arrival of <u>Anne</u> and <u>Little James</u>, with 60 more settlers – These, with the <u>Mayflower</u> and <u>Fortune</u> passengers </font><span style="font-family: wingdings"><span>à</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"> “Old Comers”</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><br><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">June -- Plantation [?] arrived in Plymouth</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1624</strong><br><u>Little James</u> sent fishing to Damariscove, Maine<br><u>Charity</u> arrived in Plymouth with first cattle to colony – but not the wanted West Country fishermen</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><strong>1626<br></strong>Plymouth establishes a trading post on Buzzards Bay (Manomet/Aptuxent/Bourne), giving colony an opening on the south side of Cape Cod; soon visited by Dutch from new Netherland with wampum as medium of exchange</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1627</strong><br>May 22 -- Liquidation of agreement with Adventurers;<span> </span>2 “Undertakers” to assume the colony’s debt of L1400 in exchange for monopoly on trade and exclusive use of shallop and fishing boat</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1628</strong><br>Plymouth establishes a trading post on Kennebec River</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1629</strong><br>Spring – <u>Lyon</u> reaches Salem with 35 Plymouth settlers from Leyden and lead group of Puritans </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">Plymouth establishes a trading post on Penobscot </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">River</font></font></p><strong><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></strong> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1632</strong><br>Duxbury (on north edge of Plymouth Harbor) released from Plymouth church and allowed to set up its own church </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Land also allotted to settlers that </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">becomes Marshfield in 1640</font></p><strong><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></strong> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1633<br></strong>Trading post established on Connecticut River (Windsor/Matianuck)</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1634-36</strong><br>Plymouth loses all four of its trading posts: Kennebec and Penobscot to French; Aptucxet/Bourne hit by hurricane; Windsor post to Mass. Bay settlers</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1634-1638 [Pequot War]</strong><br>Spring – Outbreak of Pequot War following death of Captain John Stone, West Indian </font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">trader/pirate <br><br></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1636</strong> – Body of John Oldham (a Plymouth refugee) discovered in his pinnace [small boat] near Block Island. <span> </span>Massachusetts Bay contingent under John Endecott [goes] to Block Island to kill all Indian men and seize women and children. Soldiers burn cornfields on Block Island and in Saybrook, Connecticut, killing a Pequot there. Pequots renew war and attack Saybrook.<br><br><strong>1637</strong> – May/July – Connecticut militia under captain John Mason, and in company with Narragansett Indians, attack Pequot fort on Mystic River.<span> </span></font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><strong>1638</strong> – September – Treaty of Hartford ends war with Pequot Indians no longer existing as a people.</font></p><strong><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></strong> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1635 – 1640</strong><br>Scituate, Sandwich, Taunton, Barnstable, Saugus, Yarmouth all set up</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1640</strong><br>Purchasers get access to three large chunks of real estate -- <br><span> </span>1. Cape Cod swath ”sea to sea”<br><span> </span>2. Southwest of Plymouth </font><span style="font-family: wingdings"><span>à</span></span><font face="Times New Roman"> Buzzards Bay<br><span> </span>3. East/west swath to Mount Hope on Narragansett Bay</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">End of “Great Migration” into Massachusetts Bay Colony brings sharp drop in demand for Plymouth livestock.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1642<br></strong>Settlement at Seekonk underway</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1644</strong><br>Settlement at Nauset/Eastham underway</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1655</strong> – Colony leader Edward Winslow dies at sea in West Indies</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1656</strong> – <br>Quakers begin to settle in Plymouth; later in Sandwich and Scituate; Plymouth resists.</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Myles Standish dies</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1657</strong> – May 9 – William Bradford dies</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1660</strong><br>Massasoit dies<br><br></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1670s</strong><br>Tensions between Plymouth and Wampanoag leader Philip over English encroachments</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1675</strong><br>Plymouth’s population was 7,500; covered 1,600 square miles; undivided acreage all gone</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><strong><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">King Philip’s War</font></font></strong> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">January – John Sassamon, former secretary to Philip and English informant, found dead. Indians suspected; three convicted<br>June – War breaks out when Philip attacks town of Swansea – later attacks on Taunton, Dartmouth and Middleboro</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1676</strong><br>March – Indian attack on Pawtucket; then Rehoboth burned</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">August – General Court authorizes Wampanoag children into servitude; later agree to sell as slaves </font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">August 12 – Philip surrounded on Mount Hope peninsula; Philip killed and body quartered; his 9-year-old son sold into slavery, along with 180 other Indians who were transported to the Caribbean on the <u>Seaflower</u></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><strong><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">1681</font></font></strong> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Plymouth secures a new charter<br>Plymouth shipping horses to Boston<span> </span>for export to West Indies<br>Also exporting cod, striped bass, mackerel, sturgeon, oysters – whale oil<br><br></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1686</strong><br>Governor Edmund Andros to Boston as Governor of the Dominion of New England</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font> <p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1687</strong><br>Edw. Randolph put Plymouth’s export of whale oil to England at 200 tons.</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"> </p><p style="margin: 0in -13.5pt 0pt 0in; tab-ss: .25in"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>1691</strong><br>England combines Plymouth and Maine colonies with Massachusetts Bay; some thought given to combining Plymouth and New York</font></font></p>
<p><strong>Born</strong>: About 1608. <font size="2"> <em>Mayflower Families: </em> <em>Edward Fuller for Five Generations</em>, contains the best, most thorough and completely researched genealogy on Edward Fuller and their two children Matthew and Samuel. It covers every known descendant for the first five generations, to the birth of the sixth generation. This book is over 220 pages packed full of pure genealogical research. Published by the General Society of Mayflower Descendants.</font></p><p><strong>Marriage</strong>: Jane Lothrop, 8 April 1635, Scituate.</p> <strong>Death</strong>: 31 October 1683, Barnstable. <strong>Children</strong>: Hannah, Samuel, Elizabeth, Sarah, Mary, Thomas, Sarah, John, and a child whose name is not recorded but who died 15 days after birth. Biographical Summary <p align="left">Samuel Fuller came on the <em>Mayflower</em> at the age of 12, with his father Edward Fuller. (He should not be confused with Doctor Samuel Fuller, his uncle, who also came on the <em> Mayflower</em>). Samuel's parents both died the first winter at Plymouth. Samuel was apparently raised by his uncle, and became a freeman of Plymouth in 1634. He married in Scituate the next year to Jane Lothrop, the daughter of Rev. John Lothrop and his first wife Hannah Howes. He and wife Jane would raise their family initially at Scituate, before moving sometime shortly before 1641 to Barnstable. He would live out the next forty years of his life in Barnstable. His probate records of 1683-1684 indicate that his wife predeceased him. He also bequeathed an Indian named Joel to his son John.</p>