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  • Story: Carlo I Malatesta

    <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Carlo I Malatesta (June 1368 &ndash; 13 September 1429) was an Italian condottiero during the Wars in Lombardy and lord of Rimini, Fano, Cesena and Pesaro. He was a member of the powerful House of Malatesta.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Carlo was the brother of Pandolfo III and Andrea Malatesta, with whom he fought in numerous occasions.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1385 he was named vicar for Romagna by the Pope Urban VI and, two years later, Gonfalonier.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1390 he defeated a Bolognese corps led by Alberico da Barbiano. In his early years he fought mainly against the Montefeltro family, but later allied with them through a double marriage arrangement.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1397 he was named commander of the Anti-Visconti League, formed with Florence and Venice, as well as his traditional ally, the Papal States. In 1401, when his brother Pandolfo left for the Holy Land, Carlo faught under Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, defeating the Florentine army at the siege of Brescia, personally capturing in a duel Leopold of Austria.&nbsp; Later he was against the Visconti, leading a Papal army against Bologna.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1406 he was named governor of Milan, but his loyalty lasted for only one year. From 1409 Carlo fought constantly for the Papal States, not only as Captain General of the Church but also as diplomat. In the chaotic situation created by the presence of three popes at the same time, he backed Gregory XII, whom he also housed in his lordship in Rimini, until his abdication at the Council of Constance. The resignation letter was read by Carlo himself.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1412 the became capitano generale (commander-in-chief) of the Venetian army, fighting against the Hungarian invasion of King Sigismund. However, he was wounded in action, and had to cede his position to Pandolfo.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">On July 12, 1416, Malatesta was defeated by Braccio da Montone at the Battle of Sant&#39;Egidio, wounded and taken prisoner. Pandolfo paid 80,000 ducati as ransom. Later, his territories were invaded by the Visconti army. Carlo lost Forl&igrave; and Gradara, and was subsequently defeated at Zagonara. Again taken prisoner, he was housed as a guest by the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria, and later freed without harm.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">He died in 1429, having obtained by Pope Martin V the legitimation of his sons, who inherited the seigniories of Rimini and Fano, while the sons of Malatesta dei Sonetti received Pesaro and his nephew Domenico received Cesena.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><strong><span>&nbsp;</span>References</strong></font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Rendina, Claudio (1992). I capitani di ventura. Newton Compton. </font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2">Preceded by Galeotto I Malatesta </font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2"><strong>Lord of Rimini 1385&ndash;1429</strong></font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2">Succeeded by Galeotto II Malatesta</font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2">Preceded by Andrea Malatesta </font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2"><strong>Lord of Cesena 1417&ndash;1429 </strong></font></p><div align="center"> </div><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt" align="center"><font size="2">Succeeded by Domenico Malatesta</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</font></p>

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  • Story: Who And What Are Condottieri?

    <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 17pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Condottieri (singular condottiero and condottiere) were the mercenary soldier leaders (or warlords) of the professional, military free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from the late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance. In contemporary Italian, condottiero means &quot;contractor&quot;, and is synonymous with the modern English title Mercenary Captain, which, historiographically, does not connote the hired soldier&rsquo;s nationality.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">These Italian words were standard usage in English writing of the Napoleonic times that remained current in written histories until the late 20th century; because formally-employed, standing, professional armies were uncommon until late in the Napoleonic Wars (1800&ndash;1815) thus, the word Condottiere in the English language has come to denote, in the modern sense, any hired soldier.</font></p><br><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">&nbsp;History</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Italian city-states of Venice, Florence, and Genoa were very rich from their trade with the Levant, yet possessed woefully small national armies. In the event that foreign powers and envious neighbours attacked, the ruling nobles hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them. The military-service terms and conditions were stipulated in a condotta (contract) between the City-State and the Soldiers (officer and enlisted man), thus, the contracted leader, the Mercenary Captain commanding, was titled the Condottiere.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, European soldiers led by professional officers, fought against the Muslims in the Crusades (1095&ndash;1291). These crusading officers provided large-scale warfare combat experience in the foreign Holy Land of the Asian Middle East. On the Crusades&rsquo; conclusion, the first masnada (bands of roving soldiers) appeared in Italy. Given the profession, some masnade were less mercenaries than bandits and desperate men. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">These masnada were not Italian, but (mostly) German, from the Duchy of Brabant (hence, Brabanzoni), and from Catalonia and Aragon. The latter were Spanish soldiers who had followed King Peter III of Aragon to the Holy Land in October 1282, and, post-war, remained there, seeking military employment. In Italy, in 1333, other mercenaries arrived with John of Bohemia to fight, as the Compagnia della Colomba (Dove Company), in Perugia&rsquo;s war against Arezzo.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The first well organised mercenaries in Italy were the Ventura Companies of Duke Werner of Urslingen and Count Konrad von Landau. Werner&rsquo;s company differed from other mercenary companies because its code of military justice imposed discipline and an equal division of the contract&rsquo;s income. The Ventura Company increased in number until becoming the fearsome &ldquo;Great Company&rdquo; of some 3,000 barbute (each barbuta comprised a knight and a sergeant). </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The first mercenary company with an Italian condottiero as its chief was the &quot;Company of St. George&quot; formed in 1339 and led by Lodrisio Visconti. This company was defeated and destroyed by Luchino Visconti of Milan (another condottiero and Uncle of Lodrisio) in April 1339. Later, in 1377, a second &quot;Company of St. George&quot; was formed under the leadership of Alberico da Barbiano, also an Italian and the Count of Conio, who later taught military science to condottieri such as Braccio da Montone and Giacomuzzo Attendolo Sforza, who also served in the company.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Once aware of their military power monopoly in Italy, the condottieri bands became notorious for their capriciousness, and soon dictated terms to their ostensible employers. In turn, many condottieri, such as Braccio da Montone and Muzio Sforza, became powerful politicians. As most were educated men acquainted with Roman military-science manuals (e.g. Vegetius&rsquo;s Epitoma rei militarii), they began viewing warfare from the perspective of military science, rather than that of valor or physical courage&mdash;a great, consequential departure from chivalry, the traditional medi&aelig;val model of soldiering. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Consequently, the condottieri fought by out-man&oelig;uvring the opponent and fighting his ability to wage war, rather than risk uncertain fortune&mdash;defeat, capture, death&mdash;in battlefield combat.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The earlier, medi&aelig;val condottieri developed the art of war (strategy and tactics) into military science more than any of their historical military predecessors&mdash;fighting indirectly, not directly&mdash;thus, only reluctantly endangering themselves and their enlisted men, avoiding battle when possible, also avoiding hard work and winter campaigns, as these all reduced the total number of trained soldiers available, and was detrimental to their political and economic interest. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Niccol&ograve; Machiavelli even said that condottieri fought each other in grandiose, but often pointless and near-bloodless battles. However, later in the Renaissance the condottieri line of battle still deployed the grand armoured knight and medi&aelig;val weapons and tactics after most European powers had begun employing professional standing armies of pikemen and musketeers--this helped to contribute to their eventual decline and destruction.</font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In 1347, Cola di Rienzo (Tribune and effective dictator of the city) had Werner of Urslingen executed in Rome, and Konrad von Landau assumed command of the Great Company. On the conclusion (1360) of the Peace of Bretigny between England and France, Sir John Hawkwood led an army of English mercenaries, called the White Company, into Italy, which took a prominent part in the confused wars of the next thirty years. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Towards the end of the century the Italians began to organize armies of the same description. This ended the reign of the purely mercenary company, and began that of the semi-national mercenary army which endured in Europe till replaced by the national standing army system. In 1363, Count von Landau was betrayed by his Hungarian soldiers, and defeated in combat, by the White Company&rsquo;s more advanced tactics under commanders Albert Sterz and John Hawkwood. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Stategically, the barbuta was replaced with the three-soldier, mounted lancia (a capo-lancia, a groom, and a boy); five lance composed a posta, five poste composed a bandiera (flag). By that time, the campaigning condottieri companies were as much Italian as foreign: the Astorre I Manfredi&rsquo;s Compagnia della Stella (Star Company); a new Company of St. George under Ambrogio Visconti; Niccol&ograve; da Montefeltro&rsquo;s Compagnia del Cappelletto (Little Hat Company); and the Compagnia della Rosa, commanded by Giovanni da Buscareto and Bartolomeo Gonzaga.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">From the fifteenth century hence, most condottieri were landless Italian nobles who had chosen the profession of arms as livelihood; the most famous of such mercenary captains was the son of Caterina Sforza, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, from Forl&igrave;, known as The Last Condottiere; his son was Cosimo I de&#39; Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany; besides noblemen, princes also fought as condottieri, given the sizable income to their estates, notably Sigismondo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, and Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino; despite war-time inflation, soldier&rsquo;s pay was high:</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* 1,900 monthly florins in 1432: Micheletto Attendolo (Florence)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* 6,600 monthly florins in 1448: William VIII of Montferrat, from Francesco Sforza (Milan); the enlisted soldier&rsquo;s pay was 3,300 florins, half that of an officer&rsquo;s</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* 33,000 yearly scudi for 250 men in 1505: Francesco II Gonzaga (Florence)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* 100,000 yearly scudi for 200 men in 1505: Francesco Maria I della Rovere (Florence)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The condottieri company commanders selected the soldiers to enlist; the condotta was a consolidated contract, and, when the ferma (service period) elapsed, the company entered an aspetto (wait) period, wherein, the contracting city-state considered its renewal. If the condotta expired definitively, the condottiere could not declare war against the contracting city-state for two years. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">This military&ndash;business custom was respected because professional reputation (business credibility) was everything to the condottieri; a deceived employer was a reputation ruined; likewise for maritime mercenaries, whose contratto d&rsquo;assento (contract of assent) stipulated naval military-service terms and conditions; sea captains and sailors so-contracted were called assentisti. Their principal employers were Genoa and the Papal States, beginning in the fourteenth century, yet, Venice considered it humiliating to so employ military sailors, and did not use naval mercenaries, even during the greatest danger in the City&rsquo;s history.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In fifteenth-century Italy, the condottieri were masterful lords of war; during the wars in Lombardy, Machiavelli observed:</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>None of the principal states were armed with their own proper forces. Thus the arms of Italy were either in the hands of the lesser princes, or of men who possessed no state; for the minor princes did not adopt the practice of arms from any desire of glory, but for the acquisition of either property or safety. The others (those who possessed no state) being bred to arms from their infancy, were acquainted with no other art, and pursued war for emolument, or to confer honor upon themselves.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;</span><strong>History I. vii.</strong></font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;The fifteenth-century Italian armies defeated most of the Turkish, Swiss, Hungarian, German, French, and Austrian incursions. In 1487, at Calliano, the Venetians successfully met and acquitted themselves against the German landsknechte and the Swiss infantry, who then were the best soldiers in Europe.</font></p><br><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">Decline</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;In time, the financial and political interests of the condottieri proved serious drawbacks to decisive, bloody warfare: the mercenary captains often were treacherous, tending to avoid combat, and &quot;resolve&quot; fights with a bribe &mdash; either for the opponent or for themselves. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Towards the end of the 15th century, when the large cities had gradually swallowed up the small states, and Italy itself was drawn into the general current of European politics, and became the battlefield of powerful armies - French, Spanish and German - the condottieri, who in the end proved quite unequal to the gendarmerie of France and the improved troops of the Italian states, gradually disappeared.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The soldiers of the condottieri were almost entirely heavy armoured cavalry (men-at-arms). They had, at any rate before 1400, nothing in common with the people among whom they fought, and their disorderly conduct and rapacity seem often to have exceeded that of other medieval armies. They were always ready to change sides at the prospect of higher pay. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">They were connected with each other by the interest of a common profession, and by the possibility that the enemy of to-day might be the friend and fellow-soldier of to-morrow. Further, a prisoner was always more valuable than a dead enemy. In consequence of all this their battles were often as bloodless as they were theatrical. Splendidly equipped armies were known to fight for hours with hardly the loss of a man (Zagonara, 1423; Molinella, 1467).</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">The &ldquo;Age of the Condottieri&rdquo; began in 1494, with the first, great foreign invasion in a century: the French king, Charles VIII&#39;s royal army matched the divided Italian city-states and their smaller condottieri armies. The most renowned condottieri fought for foreign powers: Gian Giacomo Trivulzio abandoned Milan for France, while Andrea Doria was Admiral of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">In the end, failure was political, rather than military, stemming from disunity and political indecision, and, by 1550, the military service condotta had disappeared, while the term condottiere remained current, denominating the great Italian generals (mainly) fighting for foreign states; men such as Marcantonio II Colonna and Raimondo Montecuccoli were prominent into the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. </font></p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">To wit, the political practice of hiring foreign mercenaries did not end, even in contemporary Italy. The Vatican&rsquo;s Swiss Guards are the modern remnants of a historically effective mercenary army.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">&nbsp;Distinguished condottieri</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">Main article: List of condottieri</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini, by Piero della Francesca</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Roger de Flor (c. 1268&ndash;1305)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Malatesta da Verucchio (1212&ndash;1312)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Castruccio Castracani, Lord of Lucca (1281&ndash;1328)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Walter VI of Brienne</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Cangrande della Scala (1291&ndash;1329)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* &ldquo;Sir&rdquo; John Hawkwood (Giovanni Acuto, c. 1320-1394)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Giovanni Ordelaffi from Forl&igrave; (1355&ndash;1399)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Facino Cane de Casale (c. 1360&ndash;1412)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Andrea Fortebracci, aka Braccio da Montone (1368&ndash;1424)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Alberico da Barbiano (1344&ndash;1409)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Muzio Attendolo, aka Sforza (Strong) (1369&ndash;1424)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Giovanni Vitelleschi (d. 1440)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Erasmo da Narni, aka Gattamelata (1370&ndash;1443)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Niccol&ograve; Piccinino (1380&ndash;1444)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola aka &ldquo;Count of Carmagnola&rdquo; (1390&ndash;1432)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Micheletto Attendolo (Muzio Attendolo&rsquo;s cousin or nephew)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Francesco Sforza (1401&ndash;1466)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Sigismondo Malatesta (1417&ndash;1468)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Bartolomeo Colleoni (c. 1400&ndash;1475)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Federico III da Montefeltro (1422&ndash;1482)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Cesare Borgia (1475&ndash;1507)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Niccol&ograve; di Pitigliano (d. 1510)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Bartolomeo d&#39;Alviano (1455&ndash;1515)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (c. 1441-1518)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (1498&ndash;1526)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Ferrante Gonzaga (1507&ndash;1557)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Astorre I Manfredi (1345&ndash;1405)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">Principal battles of the condottieri</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Forl&igrave; (1282) - a French army, for the Pope, against Guido I da Montefeltro, for Forl&igrave;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Montecatini (1314)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Parabiago (1339 - Lodrisio Visconti&#39;s &quot;Company of St. George&quot;, for Verona, against Luchino Visconti and Ettore da Panigo for Milan.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* War of the Eight Saints (1375&ndash;1378)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>o Cesena Bloodbath (1377) - Papal and Breton mercenaries under John Hawkwood slaughtered more than 2,000 citizens of Cesena.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Castagnaro (1387) - Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona, against John Hawkwood, for Padova</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Casalecchio (1402) - Alberico da Barbiano, for Milan, against Muzio Attendolo and others for the Bolognese-Florentine league.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Sant&#39;Egidio (1416) - Braccio da Montone, for himself, against Carlo I Malatesta, for Perugia</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Maclodio (1427) - Count of Carmagnola, for Venice, against Carlo I Malatesta, for Milan</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of San Romano (1432) - Niccol&ograve; da Tolentino, for Florence, against Francesco Piccinino, for Siena</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Anghiari (1440) - Niccol&ograve; Piccinino, for Milan, against Florence, Papal States and Venice, under Micheletto Attendolo</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Fornovo (1495) - Italian League against Charles VIII of France</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Agnadello (1509) - Bartolomeo d&#39;Alviano, for Venice, against France and Italian League</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Pavia (1525) - Spain against France</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Battle of Marciano (1544) - Gian Giacomo Medici for Florence and the Holy Roman Empire against Piero Strozzi for Siena and France</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;<strong>Notes</strong></font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1. ^ B. Lenman, B., Anderson, T. p.200</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2. ^ Machiavelli, Niccol&ograve;. The Prince, trans. &amp; ed. Rebhorn, Wayne A. Ch. 12, note 12, p. 57. ISBN 1593083289</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3. ^ Mallet pg. 6</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">References</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Machiavelli, Niccol&ograve;. History of Florence. book I, ch. vii.(on-line text)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Mallett, Michael (1974). Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Rowman and Littlefield.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Rendina, Claudio (1992). I Capitani di ventura. Newton Compton.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Ricotti, Ercole (1844&ndash;1845). Storia delle compagnie di ventura in Italia, 4 vols.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* B. Lenman, B., Anderson, T., eds. (2000). Chambers Dictionary of World History, Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., ISBN 0-550-13000-4</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Machiavelli, Niccol&ograve;. The Prince, trans. &amp; ed. Rebhorn, Wayne A. ISBN 1593083289</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;</span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. </font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><strong><font size="2">External links</font></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica article Condottieri.</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;<span> &nbsp; </span>* Adrian Fletcher&#39;s Paradoxplace Condottieri Statues &amp; Paintings (English)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>* Condottieri di ventura - a complete database about Condottieri operating in Italy between 1300 - 1550 (Italian)</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> <p style="margin: 0in; font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt"><font size="2">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</font></p>

  • Story: CARLO I MALATESTA Bio

    <p>from Wikipedia:</p><p><strong>Carlo I Malatesta</strong> (June 1368 &ndash; 13 September 1429) was an Italian condottiero during the Wars in Lombardy and lord of Rimini, Fano, Cesena and Pesaro. He was a member of the powerful House of Malatesta.</p><p>Carlo was the brother of Pandolfo III and Andrea Malatesta, with whom he fought in numerous occasions.</p><p>In 1385 he was named vicar for Romagna by the Pope Urban VI and, two years later, Gonfalonier.</p><p>In 1390 he defeated a Bolognese corps led by Alberico da Barbiano. In his early years he fought mainly against the Montefeltro family, but later allied with them through a double marriage arrangement.</p><p>In 1397 he was named commander of the Anti-Visconti League, formed with Florence and Venice, as well as his traditional ally, the Papal States. In 1401, when his brother Pandolfo left for the Holy Land, Carlo passed under Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, defeating the Florentine army at the siege of Brescia, personally capturing in a duel Leopold of Austria. Later he was against the Visconti, leading a Papal army against Bologna.</p><p>In 1406 he was named governor of Milan, but his loyalty last for only one year. From 1409 Carlo fought constantly for the Papal States, not only as Captain General of the Church but also as diplomat. In the chaotic situation created by the presence of three popes at the same time, he backed Gregory XII, whom he also housed in his lordship in Rimini, until his abdication at the Council of Constance. The resignation letter was read by Carlo himself.</p><p>In 1412 the became <em>capitano generale</em> (commander-in-chief) of the Venetian army, fighting against the Hungarian invasion of King Sigismund. However, he was wounded in action, and had to cease his position to Pandolfo.</p><p>On July 12, 1416, Malatesta was defeated by Braccio da Montone at the Battle of Sant&#39;Egidio, wounded and taken prisoner. Pandolfo paid 80,000 ducati as ransom. Later, his territories were invaded by the Visconti army. Carlo lost Forl&igrave; and Gradara, and was subsequently defeated at Zagonara. Again taken prisoner, he was housed as a guest by the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria, and later freed without harm.</p><p>Carlo&#39;s wife was Elisabetta Gonzaga; they were married in November of 1386.<sup><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> The Carlo Malatesta who married Vittoria Colonna, niece of Pope Martin V, was the son of Malatesta dei Sonetti who was lord of Pesaro. Guillaume Du Fay&#39;s Ballade &quot;Resvellies Vous&quot; (Awake and be merry) was written for the marriage of this younger Carlo in 1423. Carlo Malatesta of Rimini provided the newlyweds with a &quot;most sumptuous <em>nozze</em>&quot; in Rimini.<sup><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></p><p>He died in 1429, having obtained by Pope Martin V the legitimation of his sons, who inherited the seigniories of Rimini and Fano, while the sons of Malatesta dei Sonetti received Pesaro and his nephew Domenico received Cesena.</p>

 
 
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