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Louis "The Pious" King of Aquitaine King of the Franks, Holy Roman Emperor

778-840
Born: Casseneuil, L-grnn, France
Died: Ingelheim, Germany

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  • Death: On An Island In The Rhine River

  • Burial: Saint Pierre Aux Nonnains Basilica

  • Story: History

    <p><strong>Louis the Pious</strong> (778 &ndash; 20 June 840), also called <strong>the Fair</strong>, and <strong>the Debonaire</strong>,<sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> was the <font color="#0645ad">King of Aquitaine</font> from 781. He was also <font color="#0645ad">King of the Franks</font> and <font color="#0645ad">co-Emperor</font> (as <strong>Louis I</strong>) with his father, <font color="#0645ad">Charlemagne</font>, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and <font color="#0645ad">Hildegard</font>, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father&#39;s death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833&ndash;34, during which he was deposed.</p><p>During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire&#39;s southwestern frontier. He <font color="#0645ad">reconquered</font> <font color="#0645ad">Barcelona</font> from the <font color="#0645ad">Muslims</font> in 801 and re-asserted Frankish authority over <font color="#0645ad">Pamplona</font> and the <font color="#0645ad">Basques</font> south of the <font color="#0645ad">Pyrenees</font> in 813. As emperor he included his adult sons&mdash;<font color="#0645ad">Lothair</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Pepin</font>, and <font color="#0645ad">Louis</font>&mdash;in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew <font color="#0645ad">Bernard of Italy</font>, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis&#39;s attempts to include his son <font color="#0645ad">Charles</font> by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort.</p><p>Louis was born while his father <font color="#0645ad">Charlemagne</font> was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian <font color="#0645ad">villa</font> of Cassinogilum, according to <font color="#0645ad">Einhard</font> and the anonymous chronicler called <font color="#0645ad">Astronomus</font>; the place is usually identified with <font color="#0645ad">Chasseneuil</font>, near Poitiers.<sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife <font color="#0645ad">Hildegard</font>.</p><p>Louis was crowned <font color="#0645ad">king of Aquitaine</font> as a child in 781 and sent there with <font color="#0645ad">regents</font> and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after his devastating defeat at the hands of Basques in <font color="#0645ad">Roncesvalles</font> in (778).</p><p>In 794, Charlemagne settled four former <font color="#0645ad">Gallo-Roman</font> villas on Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: <font color="#0645ad">Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine</font> in today&#39;s <font color="#0645ad">Anjou</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Ebreuil</font> in <font color="#0645ad">Allier</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Angeac-Charente</font>, and the disputed Cassinogilum. Charlemagne&#39;s intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis&#39;s was the <font color="#0645ad">Spanish March</font>. In 797, <font color="#0645ad">Barcelona</font>, the greatest city of the <em>Marca</em>, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against <font color="#0645ad">C&oacute;rdoba</font> and, failing, handed it to them. The <font color="#0645ad">Umayyad</font> authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including <font color="#0645ad">Gascons</font> with their duke <font color="#0645ad">Sancho I of Gascony</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Proven&ccedil;als</font> under <font color="#0645ad">Leibulf</font>, and <font color="#0645ad">Goths</font> under <font color="#0645ad">Bera</font>, over the <font color="#0645ad">Pyrenees</font> and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian <font color="#0645ad">Mezzogiorno</font> against the <font color="#0645ad">Beneventans</font> at least once.</p><p>Louis was one of Charlemagne&#39;s three legitimate sons to survive infancy, including his twin brother, Lothair. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, <font color="#0645ad">Charles the Younger</font>, <font color="#0645ad">King of Neustria</font>, and <font color="#0645ad">Pepin</font>, <font color="#0645ad">King of Italy</font>. In the <em>Divisio Regnorum</em> of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of <font color="#0645ad">Neustria</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Austrasia</font>, while giving Pepin the <font color="#0645ad">Iron Crown of Lombardy</font>, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis&#39;s kingdom of Aquitaine, he added <font color="#0645ad">Septimania</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Provence</font>, and part of <font color="#0645ad">Burgundy</font>.</p><p>But in the event, Charlemagne&#39;s other legitimate sons died &mdash; Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 &mdash; and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. On his father&#39;s death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis&#39;s empire, but under the direct rule of <font color="#0645ad">Bernard</font>, Pepin&#39;s son).</p><p>He was in his villa of <font color="#0645ad">Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Anjou</font>, when he received news of his father&#39;s passing. Hurrying to <font color="#0645ad">Aachen</font>, he crowned himself and was proclaimed by the nobles with shouts of <em>Vivat Imperator Ludovicus</em>.</p><p>In his first coinage type, minted from the start of his reign, he imitated his father Charlemagne&#39;s portrait coinage, giving an image of imperial power and prestige in an echo of Roman glory.<sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> He quickly enacted a &quot;moral purge&quot;, in which he sent all of his unmarried sisters to nunneries, forgoing their diplomatic use as hostage brides in favour of the security of avoiding the entanglements that powerful brothers-in-law might bring. He spared his illegitimate half-brothers and <font color="#0645ad">tonsured</font> his father&#39;s cousins, <font color="#0645ad">Adalard</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Wala</font>, shutting them up in <font color="#0645ad">Noirmoutier</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Corbie</font>, respectively, despite the latter&#39;s initial loyalty.</p><p>His chief counsellors were <font color="#0645ad">Bernard, margrave of Septimania</font>, and <font color="#0645ad">Ebbo</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Archbishop of Reims</font>. The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but ungratefully betrayed him later. He retained some of his father&#39;s ministers, such as <font color="#ba0000">Elisachar</font>, abbot of St. Maximin near <font color="#0645ad">Trier</font>, and <font color="#ba0000">Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne</font>. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries.</p><p>He also employed <font color="#0645ad">Benedict of Aniane</font> (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian <font color="#0645ad">Visigoth</font> and monastic founder, to help him reform the Frankish church. One of Benedict&#39;s primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis&#39; realm adhered to the <font color="#0645ad">Rule of Saint Benedict</font>, named for its creator, <font color="#0645ad">Benedict of Nursia</font> (480&ndash;550), the First Benedict.</p><p>In 816, <font color="#0645ad">Pope Stephen IV</font>, who had succeeded <font color="#0645ad">Leo III</font>, visited <font color="#0645ad">Reims</font> and again crowned Louis. The Emperor thereby strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations.</p><p>On <font color="#0645ad">Maundy Thursday</font> 817, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen when the gallery collapsed, killing many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession; three months later he issued an <em>Ordinatio Imperii</em>, an imperial decree that laid out plans for an orderly succession. In 815, he had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons <font color="#0645ad">Lothair</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Pepin</font> to govern <font color="#0645ad">Bavaria</font> and Aquitaine respectively, though without the royal titles. Now, he proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons and his nephew <font color="#0645ad">Bernard of Italy</font>:</p><ul><li>Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in <font color="#0645ad">Aix-la-Chapelle</font> by his father. He was promised the succession to most of the Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and cousin.</li><li>Bernard, the son of Charlemagne&#39;s son <font color="#0645ad">Pippin of Italy</font>, was confirmed as King of Italy, a title he had been allowed to inherit from his father by Charlemagne.</li><li>Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.</li><li><font color="#0645ad">Louis</font>, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.</li></ul><p>If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In the event of Lothair dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious&#39; younger sons would be chosen to replace him by &quot;the people&quot;. Above all, the Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory.</p><p>With this settlement, Louis tried to combine his sense for the Empire&#39;s unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share.</p><p>The <em>ordinatio imperii</em> of Aachen left Bernard of Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence upon hearing of it. Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and betook himself to <font color="#0645ad">Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne</font>. Intimidated by the emperor&#39;s swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aix-la-Chapelle by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered: <font color="#0645ad">Theodulf of Orl&eacute;ans</font>, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, where he died soon after - poisoned, it was rumoured.<sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup> The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis&#39;s conscience for the rest of his life.</p><p>In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed penance for causing Bernard&#39;s death, at his palace of <font color="#0645ad">Attigny</font> near Vouziers in the <font color="#0645ad">Ardennes</font>, before <font color="#0645ad">Pope Paschal I</font>, and a council of ecclesiastics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, <font color="#0645ad">Hugo</font> whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, <font color="#0645ad">Drogo</font> whom he soon made <font color="#0645ad">Bishop of Metz</font>, and Theodoric. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of <font color="#0645ad">Theodosius I</font>, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.</p><p>At the start of Louis&#39;s reign, the many tribes &mdash; <font color="#0645ad">Danes</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Obotrites</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Slovenes</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Bretons</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Basques</font> &mdash; which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor&#39;s power and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the <font color="#0645ad">Sorbs</font> rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time.</p><p>A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, <font color="#0645ad">Ljudevit Posavski</font>, duke of <font color="#0645ad">Pannonia</font>, was harassing the border at the <font color="#0645ad">Drava</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Sava</font> rivers. The <font color="#0645ad">margrave of Friuli</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Cadolah</font>, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margarvate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with <font color="#0645ad">Borna</font>, duke of the <font color="#0645ad">Dalmatia</font>, and Ljudevit was brought to heel. In 824 several Slav tribes in the north-western parts of <font color="#0645ad">Bulgaria</font> acknowledged Louis&#39;s suzerainity and after he was reluctant to settle the matter peacefully with the Bulgarian ruler <font color="#0645ad">Omurtag</font>, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in <font color="#0645ad">Pannonia</font> and regained their lands.</p><p>On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard <font color="#0645ad">princes of Benevento</font> whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes <font color="#0645ad">Grimoald IV</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Sico</font>, but to no effect.</p><p>On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when, in 815, <font color="#0645ad">S&eacute;guin</font>, duke of <font color="#0645ad">Gascony</font>, revolted. He was defeated and replaced by <font color="#0645ad">Lupus III</font>, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. In 820 an assembly at <font color="#0645ad">Quierzy-sur-Oise</font> decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate. The counts in charge of the army, <font color="#0645ad">Hugh</font>, count of <font color="#0645ad">Tours</font>, and <font color="#0645ad">Matfrid</font>, count of <font color="#0645ad">Orl&eacute;ans</font>, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught.</p><p><span>First civil war</span></p><p>In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to <font color="#0645ad">Brittany</font>, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, <font color="#0645ad">Ermengarde</font>. Ermengarde was the daughter of <font color="#0645ad">Ingerman</font>, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew&#39;s death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to <font color="#0645ad">Judith</font>, daughter of <font color="#0645ad">Welf</font>, count of <font color="#0645ad">Altdorf</font>. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named <font color="#0645ad">Charles</font>.</p><p>The birth of this son damaged the <em>Partition of Aachen</em>, as Louis&#39;s attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war.</p><p>At <font color="#0645ad">Worms</font> in 829, Louis gave Charles <font color="#0645ad">Alemannia</font> with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair,<sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup> whose promised share was thereby diminished. An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with Bernard of Septimania, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. <font color="#0645ad">Agobard</font>, <font color="#0645ad">Archbishop of Lyon</font>, and <font color="#ba0000">Jesse</font>, <font color="#0645ad">bishop of Amiens</font>, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels.</p><p>In 830, at Wala&#39;s insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of <font color="#0645ad">Gascons</font>, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At <font color="#0645ad">Verberie</font>, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as <font color="#0645ad">Compi&egrave;gne</font>, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin&#39;s forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at <font color="#0645ad">Poitiers</font> and Bernard fled to Barcelona.</p><p>Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in <font color="#0645ad">Nijmegen</font>, in the heart of <font color="#0645ad">Austrasia</font>, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith - after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence - to Louis&#39;s court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of <font color="#0645ad">Lake Geneva</font>. Though <font color="#0645ad">Hilduin</font>, abbot of <font color="#0645ad">Saint Denis</font>, was exiled to <font color="#0645ad">Paderborn</font> and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps; they did not lose their freedom.</p><span class="editsection">[<a href="w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Second civil war"><font color="#0645ad">edit</font></a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Second civil war</span><p>The next revolt occurred a mere two years later (832). The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father&#39;s court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father&#39;s orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of <font color="#0645ad">Slav</font> allies and conquered <font color="#0645ad">Swabia</font> before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At <font color="#ba0000">Jonac</font>, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father&#39;s authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles.</p><p>Soon Lothair, with the support of <font color="#0645ad">Pope Gregory IV</font>, whom he had confirmed in office without his father&#39;s support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis&#39;s army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because &quot;it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account.&quot; The resigned emperor was taken to <font color="#0645ad">Saint M&eacute;dard</font> at <font color="#0645ad">Soissons</font>, his son Charles to <font color="#0645ad">Pr&uuml;m</font>, and the queen to <font color="#0645ad">Tortona</font>. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name Field of Lies, or L&uuml;genfeld, or Campus Mendacii, <em>ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est</em><sup><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup></p><p>On 13 November 833, Ebbo of Rheims presided over a synod in the Church of Saint Mary in Soissons which deposed Louis and forced him to publicly confess many crimes, none of which he had, in fact, committed. In return, Lothair gave Ebbo the Abbey of Saint Vaast. Men like <font color="#0645ad">Rabanus Maurus</font>, Louis&#39; younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith&#39;s sister and Louis the German&#39;s new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compi&egrave;gne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and <font color="#0645ad">Saxony</font> against Lothair, and the usurper fled to <font color="#0645ad">Burgundy</font>, skirmishing with loyalists near <font color="#0645ad">Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne</font>. Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834.</p><p>On Lothair&#39;s return to Italy, Wala, Jesse, and Matfrid, <em>formerly</em> count of Orl&eacute;ans, died of a pestilence and, on 2 February 835, the <font color="#0645ad">Synod of Thionville</font> deposed Ebbo, Agobard, <font color="#ba0000">Bernard, Bishop of Vienne</font>, and <font color="#ba0000">Bartholomew, Archbishop of Narbonne</font>. Lothair himself fell ill; events had turned completely in Louis favour once again.</p><p>In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of <font color="#0645ad">Cr&eacute;mieu</font>. At about that time, the <font color="#0645ad">Vikings</font> terrorised and sacked <font color="#0645ad">Utrecht</font> and <font color="#0645ad">Antwerp</font>. In 837, they went up the <font color="#0645ad">Rhine</font> as far as Nijmegen, and their king, <font color="#0645ad">Rorik</font>, demanded the <font color="#0645ad">wergild</font> of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over <font color="#0645ad">Frisia</font>, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of <em><font color="#0645ad">missi dominici</font></em> into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.</p><div><div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="223"> <div><div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div>Louis on a <em><font color="#ba0000">sesquisolidus</font></em>, essentially Roman in design.<sup><font size="1"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></sup></div></div></div><span class="editsection">[<a href="w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Third civil war"><font color="#0645ad">edit</font></a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Third civil war</span><p>In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis&#39; land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at <font color="#0645ad">Quierzy-sur-Oise</font>, giving all of the young king of Bavaria&#39;s lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin&#39;s son <font color="#0645ad">Pepin II</font>. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the <font color="#0645ad">Loire</font>, and the Danes returned to ravage the <font color="#0645ad">Frisian</font> coast (sacking Dorstad for a second time).</p><p>Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. By a final <em>placitum</em> issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at <font color="#0645ad">Clermont-en-Auvergne</font> in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the <font color="#0645ad">Ostmark</font>. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to <font color="#0645ad">Frankfurt am Main</font>, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.</p><span class="editsection">[<a href="w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><font color="#0645ad">edit</font></a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Death</span><p>Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and went to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine, by his palace at <font color="#0645ad">Ingelheim</font>. On 20 June 840, he died, in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo, though Charles and Judith were absent in Poitiers. Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into a civil war that was only settled in 843 by the <font color="#0645ad">Treaty of Verdun</font>, which split the Frankish realm into three parts, to become the kernels of France and Germany, with <font color="#0645ad">Burgundy</font> and the <font color="#0645ad">Low Countries</font> between them. The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.</p><p>Louis the Pious, along with his half-brother Drogo, were buried in <font color="#ba0000">Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica</font> in <font color="#0645ad">Metz</font>.</p>

  • Story: His Family

    <font size="1">&nbsp;</font> <p>Louis was born while his father Charlemagne was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian villa of Cassinogilum, according to Einhard and the anonymous chronicler called Astronomus; the place is usually identified with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers. He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife Hildegard .</p><p>Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after his devastating defeat at the hands of Basques in Roncesvalles in (778).</p><p>In 794, Charlemagne settled four former Gallo-Roman villas on Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine in today&#39;s Anjou , Ebreuil in Allier , Angeac-Charente , and the disputed Cassinogilum. Charlemagne&#39;s intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis&#39;s was the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona , the greatest city of the Marca, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against C&oacute;rdoba and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including Gascons with their duke Sancho I of Gascony under Leibulf , and Goths under Bera, over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once.</p><p>Louis was one of Charlemagne&#39;s three legitimate sons to survive infancy, and, according to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italy . In the Divisio Regnorum of 806 , Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis&#39;s kingdom of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Burgundy.</p><p>But in the event, Charlemagne&#39;s other legitimate sons died &mdash; Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 &mdash; and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. On his father&#39;s death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis&#39;s empire, but under the direct rule of Bernard, Pepin&#39;s son).</p>

  • Story: Louis I The Pious

    <div>He was crowned as co-emperor in 813 and became emperor in 814 on his father&#39;s death. Twice deprived of his authority by his sons (Lothair, Pepin, Louis, and Charles), he recovered it each time (830 and 834), but at his death the Carolingian empire was in disarray. <br><br>Louis was the fifth child of Charlemagne&#39;s second wife, Hildegard the Swabian. From 781 until 814 Louis ruled Aquitaine with some success, though largely through counsellors. When Charlemagne died at Aachen in 814 and was succeeded by Louis, by then his only surviving legitimate son, Louis was well experienced in warfare; he was 36, married to Irmengard of Hesbaye, and was the father of three young sons, Lothair, Pepin, and Louis (Louis the German); he had inherited vast lands, which seemed to be under reasonable control; there was no other claimant to the throne; and on Sept. 11, 813, shortly before his father&#39;s death, Louis had been crowned in Aachen as heir and co-emperor. <br><br>Louis&#39; first task was to carry out the terms of Charlemagne&#39;s will. According to the Frankish chronicler Einhard, Louis did this with great scrupulousness, although other contemporary sources tell a different story. <br><br>Louis next began to allocate parts of the empire to the various members of his family, and here began the difficulties and disasters that were to beset him for the remainder of his life. In August 814 he made Lothair and Pepin nominal kings of Bavaria and Aquitaine. He also confirmed Bernard, the son of his dead brother Pepin, as king of Italy, which position Charlemagne had allowed him to inherit in 813. But when Bernard revolted in 817, Louis had him blinded, and he died as a result of it. Louis sent his sisters and half sisters to nunneries and later put his three illegitimate half brothers--Drogo, Hugo, and Theodoric--into monasteries. <br><br>At the assembly of Aachen in July 817, he confirmed Pepin in the possession of Aquitaine and gave Bavaria to Louis the German; Lothair he made his co-emperor and heir. Charlemagne had been in his 70s and within a few months of death before naming his heir, and for Louis to give such premature expectations to a youth of 22 was to ask for trouble. Moreover, Louis did not anticipate that he would become father of another child: the empress Irmengard died in 818; and four months later Louis married Judith of Bavaria, who, in June 823, bore him a son, Charles (Charles the Bald), to whom the Emperor gave Alemannia in 829. <br><br>Backed by his two brothers, Lothair rose in revolt and deposed his father. The assembly of Nijmegen in October 830, however, restored Louis to the throne; and, the following February, at the assembly of Aachen, in a second partition, Lothair was given Italy. In 832 Louis took Aquitaine away from Pepin and gave it to Charles. The three brothers revolted a second time, with the support of Pope Gregory IV, and at a meeting near Sigolsheim, in Alsace, once more deposed their father. In March 834 Louis was again restored to the throne and made peace with Pepin and with Louis the German. Later in 834, Lothair rose again, but alone, and had to retreat into Italy. Encouraged by his success, Louis made over more territories to his son Charles at the assemblies of Aachen and Nijmegen (837-838)--a move the three brothers accepted but with bad grace. In 839 Louis the German revolted but was driven back into Bavaria. <br><br>Meanwhile, Pepin had died (December 838), and, at the assembly of Worms (May 30, 839), a fourth partition was made, the empire being divided between Lothair and Charles, with Bavaria left in the hands of Louis the German. Toward the end of 839 Louis the German marched his troops for the last time against his father, who once more drove him back. The Emperor called an assembly at Worms on July 1, 840. Before it could meet, however, Louis the Pious died at Petersaue, an island in the Rhine near Ingelheim. He was 62 and had ruled for nearly 27 years. He was buried in the Church of St. Arnulf in Metz by Bishop Drogo, his half brother. <br><br>The empire he had inherited in peace, Louis left in disarray. He had engaged in no serious external conflict, although the Danes and others had continued to make inroads into the empire. From 829 his four sons had been a constant source of disruption; the quarrels among Lothair, Louis the German, and Charles the Bald were to continue for decades after his death. In many ways Louis seems to have been an estimable person. He was presumably given the epithet the Pious because of his devoutness, his liberality to the church, his interest in ecclesiastical affairs, and the good education he had received. Contemporary historians vary little in their judgment: the Astronomer of Limousin stresses his continued courage in the face of adversity; Thegan, bishop of Trier, gives a long and admiring description of his person, his talents, his Christian charity, his devoutness, and his skill as a hunter; and the poem of Ermoldus Nigellus is full of adulation. <br><br>Like his father, Charlemagne, Louis the Pious is depicted in several of the chansons de geste of the 12th century, notably the Chanson de Guillaume, the Couronnement de Louis, and the Charroi de N&icirc;mes: he appears as a kindly ruler but a weak and vacillating one. <br><br><br><br>The only surviving son and successor to Charlemagne. Louis took the title of Emperor and was determined to unify his kingdom. Unfortunately, Louis had three sons by his first wife and a fourth by his second wife. Salic (or Frankish) law decreed that a ruler partition is kingdom equally between all sons. In 817 (before the birth of his son Charles) Louis broke with this law and decreed: <br><br>Lothar, the eldest: Sole imperial heir <br>Pepin: King of Aquitaine <br>Louis the German: King of Bavaria <br><br><br>Emperor, 814-840. He m. (1) 794-5 Irmengarde, dau. of Ingram, Count of Haspen. Louis I died on an island in the Rhine River near Ingelheim and is buried in the Church of St. Arnulf at Metz; Encyclopaedia Britannica (1950; 14:410) states that Lotha(i)r was his son by Irmengarde. Louis I is also known as &quot;le Debonaire&quot;. He was King of France (814-840), King of Germany (814-40), and King of Aquitaine (781-840). <br><br>References: [AR7],[Theroff],[WallopFH],[Moncreiffe],[RFC], [Weis1]</div><div><div>Spouses</div><div><div><div><span>1</span><span>Ermengarde of Hesbaye</span></div><div><span>Birth</span><span>abt 778, Hesbaye, Liege, Belgium</span></div><div><span>Death</span><span>8 Oct 818, Angers, France</span></div><div><span>Father</span><span>Ingeramun Count of Hasbaye</span></div><div><span>Mother</span><span>Edith of Saxony Duchess of Hesbaye</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span>Children</span><span>Lothaire I (795-855)</span></div><div><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Rotrude (803-860)</span></div><div><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Alpaide</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span>2</span><span>Judith of Bavaria</span></div><div><span>Birth</span><span>Altdorf, Bavaria</span></div><div><span>Death</span><span>19 Apr 843, Tours, France</span></div><div><span>Father</span><span>Guelph I Count of Altdorf (787-~819)</span></div><div><span>Mother</span><span>Edith of Saxony (-&gt;833)</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span>Marriage</span><span>Feb 819</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span>Children</span><span>Charles II (The Bald) (823-877)</span></div><div><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Gisela (820-874)</span></div><div><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Adilheid (~824-855)</span></div><div><span>&nbsp;</span><span>Louis (The German) (804-876)</span></div></div></div></div>

  • Story: Louis The Pious

    <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="6">Louis the Pious</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">From Wikipedia, </font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><tbody><tr><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><td colspan="2" style="background: #ccbbee; padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt">Louis I the Pious</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Christi" title="Miles Christi"><em><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">miles Christi</span></em></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"> (soldier of Christ), with a poem of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Rabanus Maurus</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"> overlaid.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #e4dcf6; padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" title="King of the Franks"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">King of the Franks</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Reign</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">814&ndash;840</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Coronation</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">By his father: 13 September 813, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Aachen</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Predecessor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charles I (Charlemagne)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Successor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Lothair I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Louis II</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charles the Bald, as Charles II, Holy Roman Emperor</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #e4dcf6; padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Holy Roman Emperor</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Reign</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">813&ndash;840</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Coronation</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">By </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Pope Stephen IV</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">: 5 October 816, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims" title="Reims"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Reims</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Predecessor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charles I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Successor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Lothair I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #e4dcf6; padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" title="King of Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">King of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Reign</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">781&ndash;814</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Predecessor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charles I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"> as King of the Franks</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Successor</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Pepin I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 3pt"> <td colspan="2" style="background: #e4dcf6; padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; height: 3pt">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Spouse</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(795-843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (795-843)"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Judith of Bavaria</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Issue</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Lothair I</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Pepin of Aquitaine</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Louis the German</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"><br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charles the Bald</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_house" title="Royal house"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">House</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian" title="Carolingian"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Carolingian</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Father</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Charlemagne</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Mother</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard,_wife_of_Charlemagne" title="Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt">Hildegarde</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Born</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">778<br> Cassinogilum</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Died</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">20 June 840 (aged 61&ndash;62)<br> Ingelheim</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt">Burial</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_aux_Nonnains_Basilica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #ba0000; font-size: 10.5pt">Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody><font size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="display: none"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p><font size="3"> </font> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Carolingian dynasty</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Pippinids</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Pippin the Elder</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(c. 580&ndash;640)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Grimoald</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(616&ndash;656)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Childebert the Adopted</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 662)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulfings" title="Arnulfings"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Arnulfings</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Arnulf of Metz</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(582&ndash;640)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Chlodulf of Metz</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 696 or 697)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Ansegisel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(c.602&ndash;before 679)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Pippin the Middle</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(c.635&ndash;714)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Younger" title="Grimoald the Younger"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Grimoald II</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 714)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Drogo of Champagne</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(670&ndash;708)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Theudoald</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 714)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingians" title="Carolingians"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Carolingians</span></strong></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Charles Martel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(686&ndash;741)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Carloman</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 754)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Pepin the Short</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(714&ndash;768)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Carloman I</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(751&ndash;771)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Charlemagne</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(d. 814)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Louis the Pious</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt">(778&ndash;840)</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"></span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt">After the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Treaty of Verdun</span></strong></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"> (843)</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> (795&ndash;855)<br> (</span><span style="color: windowtext"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Middle Francia</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">)</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Charles the Bald</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> (823&ndash;877)<br> (</span><span style="color: windowtext"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Francia" title="Western Francia"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Western Francia</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">)</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="color: windowtext">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Louis the German</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt"> (804&ndash;876)<br> (</span><span style="color: windowtext"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Francia" title="Eastern Francia"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">Eastern Francia</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt">)</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding: 2.4pt; border: 0px #000000; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span class="noprint"></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody><font size="3"> </font><p><font size="3"><strong>Louis the Pious</strong> (778 &ndash; 20 June 840), also called <strong>the Fair</strong>, and <strong>the Debonaire</strong>,</font><sup><font size="2" color="#0000ff">[1]</font></sup><font size="3"> was the </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">King of Aquitaine</font><font size="3"> from 781. He was also </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">King of the Franks</font><font size="3"> and </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">co-Emperor</font><font size="3"> (as <strong>Louis I</strong>) with his father, </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Charlemagne</font><font size="3">, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Hildegard</font><font size="3">, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father&#39;s death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833&ndash;34, during which he was deposed.</font></p><font size="3"> </font><p><font size="3">During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire&#39;s southwestern frontier. He </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">conquered Barcelona</font><font size="3"> from the </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Muslims</font><font size="3"> in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Pamplona</font><font size="3"> and the </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Basques</font><font size="3"> south of the </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Pyrenees</font><font size="3"> in 812. As emperor he included his adult sons&mdash;</font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Lothair</font><font size="3">, </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Pepin</font><font size="3">, and </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Louis</font><font size="3">&mdash;in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Bernard of Italy</font><font size="3">, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis&#39;s attempts to include his son </font><font size="3" color="#0000ff">Charles</font><font size="3"> by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort.</font></p><font size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">Birth and rule in Aquitaine</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Louis was born while his father </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Charlemagne</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">villa</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> of Cassinogilum, according to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Einhard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and the anonymous chronicler called </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Astronomus</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">; the place is usually identified with </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Chasseneuil</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, near Poitiers.</font><sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="2" color="#0000ff">[2]</font></sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Hildegard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Louis was crowned </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">King of Aquitaine</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> as a child in 781 and sent there with </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">regents</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Waifer</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> (capitulated <em>c</em>. 768) and later </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Hunald II</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, which culminated in the disastrous </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Battle of Roncesvalles</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> (778).</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 794, Charlemagne settled four former </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gallo-Roman</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> villas on Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in today&#39;s </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Anjou</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ebreuil</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in Allier, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Angeac-Charente</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and the disputed Cassinogilum. Charlemagne&#39;s intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis&#39;s was the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Spanish March</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. In 797, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Barcelona</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, the greatest city of the <em>Marca</em>, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">C&oacute;rdoba</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and, failing, handed it to them. The </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Umayyad</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gascons</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> with their duke </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Sancho I of Gascony</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Proven&ccedil;als</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> under </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Leibulf</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Goths</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> under </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bera</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, over the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pyrenees</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Mezzogiorno</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> against the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Beneventans</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> at least once.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Louis was one of Charlemagne&#39;s three legitimate sons to survive infancy, including his twin brother, Lothair. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Charles the Younger</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">King of Neustria</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pepin</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">King of Italy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. In the <em>Divisio Regnorum</em> of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Neustria</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Austrasia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, while giving Pepin the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Iron Crown of Lombardy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis&#39;s kingdom of Aquitaine, he added </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Septimania</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, Provence, and part of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Burgundy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">But in the event, Charlemagne&#39;s other legitimate sons died &ndash; Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 &ndash; and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. On his father&#39;s death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis&#39;s empire, but under the direct rule of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bernard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, Pepin&#39;s son).</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">Emperor</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">He was in his villa of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, Anjou, when he received news of his father&#39;s passing. Hurrying to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Aachen</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, he crowned himself and was proclaimed by the nobles with shouts of <em>Vivat Imperator Ludovicus</em>.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In his first coinage type, minted from the start of his reign, he imitated his father Charlemagne&#39;s portrait coinage, giving an image of imperial power and prestige in an echo of Roman glory.</font><sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="2" color="#0000ff">[3]</font></sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> He quickly enacted a &quot;moral purge&quot;, in which he sent all of his unmarried sisters to nunneries, forgoing their diplomatic use as hostage brides in favour of the security of avoiding the entanglements that powerful brothers-in-law might bring. He spared his illegitimate half-brothers and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">tonsured</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> his father&#39;s cousins, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Adalard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Wala</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, shutting them up in </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Noirmoutier</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Corbie</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, respectively, despite the latter&#39;s initial loyalty.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">His chief counsellors were </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bernard, margrave of Septimania</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ebbo</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Archbishop of Reims</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but ungratefully betrayed him later. He retained some of his father&#39;s ministers, such as </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Elisachar</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, abbot of St. Maximin near </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Trier</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">He also employed </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Benedict of Aniane</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Visigoth</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and monastic founder, to help him reform the Frankish church. One of Benedict&#39;s primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis&#39; realm adhered to the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Rule of Saint Benedict</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, named for its creator, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Benedict of Nursia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> (480&ndash;550), the First Benedict.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 816, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pope Stephen IV</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, who had succeeded </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Leo III</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, visited </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Reims</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and again crowned Louis. The Emperor thereby strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><em><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Ordinatio imperii</font></em></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">On </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Maundy Thursday</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> 817, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen when the gallery collapsed, killing many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession; three months later he issued an <em>Ordinatio Imperii</em>, an imperial decree that laid out plans for an orderly succession. In 815, he had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Lothair</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pepin</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> to govern </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bavaria</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and Aquitaine respectively, though without the royal titles. Now, he proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons and his nephew </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bernard of Italy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">:</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Aix-la-Chapelle</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> by his father. He was promised the succession to most of the Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and cousin.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bernard, the son of Charlemagne&#39;s son </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pippin of Italy</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">, was confirmed as King of Italy, a title he had been allowed to inherit from his father by Charlemagne.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Louis</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In the event of Lothair dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious&#39; younger sons would be chosen to replace him by &quot;the people&quot;. Above all, the Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">With this settlement, Louis tried to combine his sense for the Empire&#39;s unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">Louis the Pious doing penance at Attigny in 822</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Bernard&#39;s rebellion and Louis&#39;s penance</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The <em>ordinatio imperii</em> of Aachen left Bernard of Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence upon hearing of it. Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and betook himself to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Intimidated by the emperor&#39;s swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aix-la-Chapelle by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered: </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Theodulf of Orl&eacute;ans</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, where he died soon after &ndash; poisoned, it was rumoured.</font><sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="2" color="#0000ff">[4]</font></sup><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis&#39;s conscience for the rest of his life.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed penance for causing Bernard&#39;s death, at his palace of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Attigny</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> near Vouziers in the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ardennes</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, before </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pope Paschal I</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and a council of ecclesiastics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Hugo</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Drogo</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> whom he soon made </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bishop of Metz</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and Theodoric. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Theodosius I</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Frontier wars</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">At the start of Louis&#39;s reign, the many tribes &ndash; </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Danes</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Obotrites</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Slovenes</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bretons</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Basques</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> &ndash; which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor&#39;s power and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Sorbs</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ljudevit Posavski</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, duke of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pannonia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, was harassing the border at the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Drava</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Sava</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> rivers. The </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">margrave of Friuli</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Cadolah</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margarvate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Borna</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, duke of the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Dalmatia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and Ljudevit was brought to heel. In 824 several Slav tribes in the north-western parts of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Bulgaria</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> acknowledged Louis&#39;s suzerainity and after he was reluctant to settle the matter peacefully with the Bulgarian ruler </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Omurtag</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pannonia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and regained their lands.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">princes of Benevento</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Grimoald IV</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Sico</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, but to no effect.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when c. 812, Louis the Pious crossed the western Pyrenees &#39;to settle matters&#39; in Pamplona. The expedition made his way back north, where it narrowly escaped an ambush attempt arranged by the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Basques</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in the pass of Roncevaux thanks to the precautions he took, i.e. hostages. </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">S&eacute;guin</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, duke of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gascony</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with a Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Lupus III</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. In 820 an assembly at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Quierzy-sur-Oise</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate (827). The counts in charge of the army, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Hugh</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, count of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Tours</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Matfrid</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, count of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Orl&eacute;ans</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">First civil war</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Brittany</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ermengarde</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Ermengarde was the daughter of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ingerman</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew&#39;s death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Judith</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, daughter of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Welf</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, count of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Altdorf</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Charles</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The birth of this son damaged the <em>Partition of Aachen</em>, as Louis&#39;s attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">At </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Worms</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in 829, Louis gave Charles </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Alemannia</font><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"> with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair,</font><sup><font size="2" color="#0000ff">[5]</font></sup><font size="3"> whose promised share was thereby diminished. An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with Bernard of Septimania, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Agobard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Archbishop of Lyon</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Jesse</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">bishop of Amiens</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 830, at Wala&#39;s insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gascons</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Verberie</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Compi&egrave;gne</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin&#39;s forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Poitiers</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and Bernard fled to Barcelona.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Nijmegen</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, in the heart of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Austrasia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith &ndash; after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence &ndash; to Louis&#39;s court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Lake Geneva</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Though </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Hilduin</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, abbot of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Saint Denis</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, was exiled to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Paderborn</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps; they did not lose their freedom.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Second civil war</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The next revolt occurred a mere two years later (832). The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father&#39;s court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father&#39;s orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Slav</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> allies and conquered </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Swabia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Jonac</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father&#39;s authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Soon Lothair, with the support of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pope Gregory IV</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, whom he had confirmed in office without his father&#39;s support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis&#39;s army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because &quot;it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account.&quot; The resigned emperor was taken to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Saint M&eacute;dard</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Soissons</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, his son Charles to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pr&uuml;m</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and the queen to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Tortona</font><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name Field of Lies, or L&uuml;genfeld, or Campus Mendacii, <em>ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est</em></font><sup><font size="2" color="#0000ff">[6]</font></sup></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">On 13 November 833, Ebbo of Rheims presided over a synod in the Church of Saint Mary in Soissons which deposed Louis and forced him to publicly confess many crimes, none of which he had, in fact, committed. In return, Lothair gave Ebbo the Abbey of Saint Vaast. Men like </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Rabanus Maurus</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, Louis&#39; younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith&#39;s sister and Louis the German&#39;s new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compi&egrave;gne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Saxony</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> against Lothair, and the usurper fled to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Burgundy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, skirmishing with loyalists near </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">On Lothair&#39;s return to Italy, Wala, Jesse, and Matfrid, <em>formerly</em> count of Orl&eacute;ans, died of a pestilence and, on 2 February 835, the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Synod of Thionville</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> deposed Ebbo, Agobard, </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Bernard, Bishop of Vienne</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Bartholomew, Archbishop of Narbonne</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. Lothair himself fell ill; events had turned completely in Louis favour once again.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Cr&eacute;mieu</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. At about that time, the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Vikings</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> terrorised and sacked </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Utrecht</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Antwerp</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. In 837, they went up the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Rhine</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> as far as Nijmegen, and their king, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Rorik</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, demanded the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">wergild</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Frisia</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of </font><em><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">missi dominici</font></em><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Third civil war</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis&#39; land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Quierzy-sur-Oise</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, giving all of the young king of Bavaria&#39;s lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin&#39;s son </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pepin II</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Loire</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, and the Danes returned to ravage the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Frisian</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> coast (sacking Dorstad for a second time).</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. By a final <em>placitum</em> issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Clermont-en-Auvergne</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ostmark</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Frankfurt am Main</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="3" color="#4f81bd">Death</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and went to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine, by his palace at </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ingelheim</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">. On 20 June 840, he died, in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo, though Charles and Judith were absent in Poitiers. Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into a civil war that was only settled in 843 by the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Treaty of Verdun</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, which split the Frankish realm into three parts, to become the kernels of France and Germany, with </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Burgundy</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> and the </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Low Countries</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> between them. The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Louis the Pious, along with his half-brother Drogo, were buried in </font><span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> in </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Metz</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">Marriage and issue</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">By his first wife, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> (married ca 794-98), he had three sons and three daughters:</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Lothair</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> (795&ndash;855), king of </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Middle Francia</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Pepin</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> (797&ndash;838), king of </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Aquitaine</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Adelaide (b. c. 799)</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Rotrude (b. 800), married </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gerard</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. c. 802), married </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gerard, Count of Auvergne</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Louis the German</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> (c. 805&ndash;875), king of </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">East Francia</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">By his second wife, </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" color="#0000ff">Judith of Bavaria</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, he had a daughter and a son:</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Gisela</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">, married </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Eberhard I of Friuli</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Charles the Bald</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">, king of </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">West Francia</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3">By Theodelinde of Sens</font><font size="2"><sup>[<em><font color="#0000ff">citation needed</font></em>]</sup></font><font size="3">, he had two illegitimate children:</font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="color: #ba0000"><font face="Calibri" size="3">Arnulf of Sens</font></span></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alpais</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">Notes</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">1.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">German</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">: <em><span>Ludwig der Fromme</span></em>, </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">French</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">: <em><span>Louis le Pieux</span></em> or <em><span>Louis le D&eacute;bonnaire</span></em>, </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Italian</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">: <em><span>Luigi il Pio</span></em> or <em><span>Ludovico il Pio</span></em>, </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Spanish</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">: <em><span>Luis el Piadoso</span></em> or <em><span>Ludovico P&iacute;o</span></em>.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">2.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> Einhard gives the name of his birthplace as <em>Cassanoilum</em>. In addition to Chasseneuil near Poitiers, scholars have suggested that Louis may have been born at Casseneuil (Lot et Garonne) or at Casseuil on the </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Garonne</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> near La R&eacute;ole, where the Dropt flows into the Garonne.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">3.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> S. Coupland, &quot;Money and coinage under Louis the Pious&quot;, <em>Francia</em> <strong>17</strong>.1 (1990), p 25.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">4.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"> McKitterick, Rosamond, <em>The New Cambridge Medieval History, 700&ndash;900</em></font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">5.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, &quot;The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)&quot; <em>Speculum</em> <strong>36</strong>.4 (October 1961:592&ndash;599).</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">6.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">[1]</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">.</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 72.0pt"><span><span><font face="Calibri" size="3">7.</font><span style="font: 7pt/normal 'times new roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><strong><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">^</font></strong><font face="Calibri" size="3"> <em>Medieval European Coinage</em> by Philip Grierson, Mark Blackburn, Lucia Travaini, p.329 </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">[2]</font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><font size="4"><font color="#4f81bd"><font face="Cambria"><span class="mw-headline">Sources</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 18pt"></span></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Vita Hludovici Imperatoris</font></em><font face="Calibri" size="3"> , the main source for his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author usually called &quot;the Astronomer&quot;</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vita Hludowici Imperatoris</em> by </font></font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Thegan of Trier</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">on-line Latin text</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">Further reading</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Booker, Courtney M. <em>Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians</em>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">ISBN 9780812241686</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; De Jong, Mayke. <em>The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814&ndash;840</em>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Depreux, Philippe. <em>Prosopographie de l&#39;entourage de Louis le Pieux (781&ndash;840).</em> Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A useful </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">prosopographical</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> overview of Louis&#39; household, court and other subordinates.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Eichler, Daniel. <em>Fr&auml;nkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen</em>. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Ganshof, Fran&ccedil;ois-Louis</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> <em>The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy</em>. 1971.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt"><font face="Calibri" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.). <em>Charlemagne&#39;s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814&ndash;840)</em>. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Oman, Charles</font><font face="Calibri" size="3">. <em>The Dark Ages 476&ndash;918</em>. London, 1914.</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#4f81bd">External links</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Cassinogilum: an argument for Casseneuil as Louis&#39; birthplace</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><li style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt; tab-ss: list 36.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Chasseneuil-du-Poitou and not Casseuil by</font><font face="Calibri" size="3"> </font><font face="Calibri" size="3" color="#0000ff">Camille Jullian</font></li><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></ul><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><tbody><tr><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><td colspan="3" style="border-width: 4.5pt 0px 0px; border-style: solid none none; border-color: gold rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt; background-color: transparent"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Emperor Louis I the Pious</span></p> <p style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian" title="Carolingian"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Carolingian Dynasty</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 10.5pt">Born:</span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 10.5pt"> 16 April 778</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 10.5pt">Died:</span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 10.5pt"> 20 June 840</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-width: 4.5pt 0px 0px; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(172, 231, 119) rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Regnal titles</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Preceded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Charles I</span></strong></a><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> as King of the Franks</span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> <td width="40%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 40%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" title="King of Aquitaine"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">King of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> 781&ndash;814</span></p> </td> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Succeeded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pippin I of Aquitaine"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Pippin I of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Preceded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Charles I</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> <td width="40%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 40%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Romans" title="Emperor of the Romans"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Emperor of the Romans</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> 813&ndash;840<br> <em>with </em></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><em><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Lothair I</span></em></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"> </span><em><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 10pt">(817&ndash;840)</span></em><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Succeeded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Lothair I</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" width="40%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 40%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" title="King of the Franks"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">King of the Franks</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> 814&ndash;840</span></p> </td> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Succeeded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Lothair I</span></strong></a><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Middle Francia</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Succeeded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Louis II</span></strong></a><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">East Francia</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30%" style="padding: 0.75pt; border: #000000; width: 30%; background-color: transparent"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Succeeded by<br> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">Charles II</span></strong></a><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"><br> in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><strong><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt">West Francia</span></strong></a><span style="line-height: 200%; font-size: 11.5pt"></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody><font size="3"> </font><p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><font size="3"> </font><p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p>

  • Story: Louis 1, "The Pious", King Of The Franks, Holy Roman Emperor

    <tbody><tr><td><div class="notice-text-boardvote-candidates"> Candidates are currently being accepted for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees Election. <a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Board_elections/2011/en">Become a candidate.</a> </div> </td> <td class="line-ht-fix"> <span class="toggle-box-boardvote-candidates"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#">Hide</a>] </span><br> <span class="trans-box"> [<a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Board_elections/2011/Translation">Help with translations!</a>] </span> </td> </tr> </tbody> <div> </div><div> </div> Louis the Pious <div> <div>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div>&quot;Louis I the Fair&quot; redirects here. For the Polish duke, see Ludwik I the Fair.</div> <tbody><tr> <th class="fn" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ccbbee; font-size: 125%; text-align: center">Louis I the Pious</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="photo"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" title="Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid." class="image"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/210px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" alt="" width="210" height="277"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Christi">miles Christi</a></em> (soldier of Christ), with a poem of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a> overlaid.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #e4dcf6; text-align: right"> <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" title="King of the Franks" class="mw-redirect">King of the Franks</a></strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Reign</th> <td>814&ndash;840</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th> <td>By his father: 13 September 813, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen">Aachen</a>;</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Predecessor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Successor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis II</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald, as Charles II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #e4dcf6; text-align: right"> <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Reign</th> <td>813&ndash;840</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Coronation</a></th> <td>By <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV">Pope Stephen IV</a>: 5 October 816, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims">Reims</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Predecessor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Successor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #e4dcf6; text-align: right"> <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" title="King of Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect">King of Aquitaine</a></strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Reign</th> <td>781&ndash;814</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Predecessor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a> as King of the Franks</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Successor</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #e4dcf6; height: 4px; text-align: center">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Spouse</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_%28795-843%29" title="Judith of Bavaria (795-843)" class="mw-redirect">Judith of Bavaria</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Issue</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin of Aquitaine</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German">Louis the German</a><br> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald">Charles the Bald</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_house" title="Royal house">House</a></th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian" title="Carolingian" class="mw-redirect">Carolingian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Father</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Mother</th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard,_wife_of_Charlemagne" title="Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne" class="mw-redirect">Hildegarde</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Born</th> <td>778<br> Cassinogilum</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Died</th> <td>20 June 840 (aged&nbsp;61&ndash;62)<br> Ingelheim</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Burial</th> <td><span class="label"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_aux_Nonnains_Basilica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica (page does not exist)" class="new">Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody><tr> <td> <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippinids">Pippinids</a></strong> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pippin the Elder</a> (c. 580&ndash;640)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald</a> (616&ndash;656)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a> (d. 662)</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulfings" title="Arnulfings" class="mw-redirect">Arnulfings</a></strong> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> (582&ndash;640)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a> (d. 696 or 697)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> (c.602&ndash;before 679)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pippin the Middle</a> (c.635&ndash;714)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Younger" title="Grimoald the Younger">Grimoald II</a> (d. 714)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne">Drogo of Champagne</a> (670&ndash;708)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theudoald">Theudoald</a> (d. 714)</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingians" title="Carolingians" class="mw-redirect">Carolingians</a></strong> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel">Charles Martel</a> (686&ndash;741)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace" class="mw-redirect">Carloman</a> (d. 754)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short">Pepin the Short</a> (714&ndash;768)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_I">Carloman I</a> (751&ndash;771)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (d. 814)</li><li><strong class="selflink">Louis the Pious</strong> (778&ndash;840)</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843)</strong> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor" class="mw-redirect">Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (795&ndash;855)<br> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia">Middle Francia</a>)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (823&ndash;877)<br> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Francia" title="Western Francia" class="mw-redirect">Western Francia</a>)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German">Louis the German</a> (804&ndash;876)<br> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Francia" title="Eastern Francia" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Francia</a>)</li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> <p><strong>Louis the Pious</strong> (778 &ndash; 20 June 840), also called <strong>the Fair</strong>, and <strong>the Debonaire</strong>,<sup><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as <strong>Louis I</strong>) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father&#39;s death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833&ndash;34, during which he was deposed.</p> <p>During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire&#39;s southwestern frontier. He reconquered Barcelona from the Muslims in 801 and re-asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees in 813. As emperor he included his adult sons&mdash;Lothair, Pepin, and Louis&mdash;in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew Bernard of Italy, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis&#39;s attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort.</p> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a id="togglelink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#" class="internal">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Birth_and_rule_in_Aquitaine"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Birth and rule in Aquitaine</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Emperor"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Emperor</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Ordinatio_imperii"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ordinatio imperii</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Bernard.27s_rebellion_and_Louis.27s_penance"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bernard&#39;s rebellion and Louis&#39;s penance</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Frontier_wars"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Frontier wars</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#First_civil_war"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">First civil war</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Second_civil_war"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Second civil war</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Third_civil_war"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Third civil war</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Death"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Marriage_and_issue"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage and issue</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and rule in Aquitaine">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Birth and rule in Aquitaine</span> <p>Louis was born while his father Charlemagne was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian villa of Cassinogilum, according to Einhard and the anonymous chronicler called Astronomus; the place is usually identified with Chasseneuil, near Poitiers.<sup><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife Hildegard.</p> <p>Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after his devastating defeat at the hands of Basques in Roncesvalles in (778).</p> <p>In 794, Charlemagne settled four former Gallo-Roman villas on Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence: Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine in today&#39;s Anjou, Ebreuil in Allier, Angeac-Charente, and the disputed Cassinogilum. Charlemagne&#39;s intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis&#39;s was the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the <em>Marca</em>, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against C&oacute;rdoba and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including Gascons with their duke Sancho I of Gascony, Proven&ccedil;als under Leibulf, and Goths under Bera, over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once.</p> <p>Louis was one of Charlemagne&#39;s three legitimate sons to survive infancy, including his twin brother, Lothair. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italy. In the <em>Divisio Regnorum</em> of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis&#39;s kingdom of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Burgundy.</p> <p>But in the event, Charlemagne&#39;s other legitimate sons died &mdash; Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 &mdash; and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. On his father&#39;s death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis&#39;s empire, but under the direct rule of Bernard, Pepin&#39;s son).</p> <div> <div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="204"> <div> <div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div> Charlemagne crowns Louis the Pious</div> </div> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Emperor">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Emperor</span> <p>He was in his villa of Dou&eacute;-la-Fontaine, Anjou, when he received news of his father&#39;s passing. Hurrying to Aachen, he crowned himself and was proclaimed by the nobles with shouts of <em>Vivat Imperator Ludovicus</em>.</p> <p>In his first coinage type, minted from the start of his reign, he imitated his father Charlemagne&#39;s portrait coinage, giving an image of imperial power and prestige in an echo of Roman glory.<sup><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup> He quickly enacted a &quot;moral purge&quot;, in which he sent all of his unmarried sisters to nunneries, forgoing their diplomatic use as hostage brides in favour of the security of avoiding the entanglements that powerful brothers-in-law might bring. He spared his illegitimate half-brothers and tonsured his father&#39;s cousins, Adalard and Wala, shutting them up in Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter&#39;s initial loyalty.</p> <p>His chief counsellors were Bernard, margrave of Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims. The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but ungratefully betrayed him later. He retained some of his father&#39;s ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries.</p> <p>He also employed Benedict of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth and monastic founder, to help him reform the Frankish church. One of Benedict&#39;s primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis&#39; realm adhered to the Rule of Saint Benedict, named for its creator, Benedict of Nursia (480&ndash;550), the First Benedict.</p> <p>In 816, Pope Stephen IV, who had succeeded Leo III, visited Reims and again crowned Louis. The Emperor thereby strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations.</p> <div> <div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/220px-Denier_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="105"> <div> <div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div> <em>Denarius</em> of Louis.</div> </div> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Ordinatio imperii">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><em>Ordinatio imperii</em></span> <p>On Maundy Thursday 817, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen when the gallery collapsed, killing many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession; three months later he issued an <em>Ordinatio Imperii</em>, an imperial decree that laid out plans for an orderly succession. In 815, he had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons Lothair and Pepin to govern Bavaria and Aquitaine respectively, though without the royal titles. Now, he proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons and his nephew Bernard of Italy:</p> <ul><li>Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aix-la-Chapelle by his father. He was promised the succession to most of the Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and cousin.</li><li>Bernard, the son of Charlemagne&#39;s son Pippin of Italy, was confirmed as King of Italy, a title he had been allowed to inherit from his father by Charlemagne.</li><li>Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.</li><li>Louis, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.</li></ul> <p>If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In the event of Lothair dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious&#39; younger sons would be chosen to replace him by &quot;the people&quot;. Above all, the Empire would not be divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory.</p> <p>With this settlement, Louis tried to combine his sense for the Empire&#39;s unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Lothair above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share.</p> <div> <div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Louis_the_Pious.jpg/220px-Louis_the_Pious.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="203"> <div> <div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div> Louis the Pious doing penance at Attigny in 822</div> </div> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bernard&#39;s rebellion and Louis&#39;s penance</span> <p>The <em>ordinatio imperii</em> of Aachen left Bernard of Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence upon hearing of it. Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and betook himself to Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne. Intimidated by the emperor&#39;s swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aix-la-Chapelle by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orl&eacute;ans, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, where he died soon after - poisoned, it was rumoured.<sup><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis&#39;s conscience for the rest of his life.</p> <p>In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed penance for causing Bernard&#39;s death, at his palace of Attigny near Vouziers in the Ardennes, before Pope Paschal I, and a council of ecclesiastics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, Hugo whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon made Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of Theodosius I, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.</p> <div> <div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="224"> <div> <div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div> Louis on a <em>denarius</em> from Sens, 818&ndash;823</div> </div> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Frontier wars">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Frontier wars</span> <p>At the start of Louis&#39;s reign, the many tribes &mdash; Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons, Basques &mdash; which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor&#39;s power and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time.</p> <p>A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, Ljudevit Posavski, duke of Pannonia, was harassing the border at the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margarvate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with Borna, duke of the Dalmatia, and Ljudevit was brought to heel. In 824 several Slav tribes in the north-western parts of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis&#39;s suzerainity and after he was reluctant to settle the matter peacefully with the Bulgarian ruler Omurtag, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in Pannonia and regained their lands.</p> <p>On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but to no effect.</p> <p>On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when, in 815, S&eacute;guin, duke of Gascony, revolted. He was defeated and replaced by Lupus III, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate. The counts in charge of the army, Hugh, count of Tours, and Matfrid, count of Orl&eacute;ans, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught.</p> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: First civil war">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">First civil war</span> <p>In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, Ermengarde. Ermengarde was the daughter of Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew&#39;s death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to Judith, daughter of Welf, count of Altdorf. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named Charles.</p> <p>The birth of this son damaged the <em>Partition of Aachen</em>, as Louis&#39;s attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war.</p> <p>At Worms in 829, Louis gave Charles Alemannia with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair,<sup><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup> whose promised share was thereby diminished. An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with Bernard of Septimania, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. Agobard, Archbishop of Lyon, and Jesse, bishop of Amiens, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels.</p> <p>In 830, at Wala&#39;s insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of Gascons, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At Verberie, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as Compi&egrave;gne, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin&#39;s forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at Poitiers and Bernard fled to Barcelona.</p> <p>Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in Nijmegen, in the heart of Austrasia, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy. Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith - after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence - to Louis&#39;s court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of Lake Geneva. Though Hilduin, abbot of Saint Denis, was exiled to Paderborn and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps; they did not lose their freedom.</p> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Second civil war">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Second civil war</span> <p>The next revolt occurred a mere two years later (832). The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father&#39;s court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father&#39;s orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of Slav allies and conquered Swabia before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At Jonac, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father&#39;s authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles.</p> <p>Soon Lothair, with the support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed in office without his father&#39;s support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis&#39;s army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because &quot;it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account.&quot; The resigned emperor was taken to Saint M&eacute;dard at Soissons, his son Charles to Pr&uuml;m, and the queen to Tortona. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name Field of Lies, or L&uuml;genfeld, or Campus Mendacii, <em>ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est</em><sup><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup></p> <p>On 13 November 833, Ebbo of Rheims presided over a synod in the Church of Saint Mary in Soissons which deposed Louis and forced him to publicly confess many crimes, none of which he had, in fact, committed. In return, Lothair gave Ebbo the Abbey of Saint Vaast. Men like Rabanus Maurus, Louis&#39; younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith&#39;s sister and Louis the German&#39;s new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compi&egrave;gne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled to Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists near Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne. Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834.</p> <p>On Lothair&#39;s return to Italy, Wala, Jesse, and Matfrid, <em>formerly</em> count of Orl&eacute;ans, died of a pestilence and, on 2 February 835, the Synod of Thionville deposed Ebbo, Agobard, Bernard, Bishop of Vienne, and Bartholomew, Archbishop of Narbonne. Lothair himself fell ill; events had turned completely in Louis favour once again.</p> <p>In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of Cr&eacute;mieu. At about that time, the Vikings terrorised and sacked Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the Rhine as far as Nijmegen, and their king, Rorik, demanded the wergild of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of <em>missi dominici</em> into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.</p> <div> <div style="width: 222px"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Pieux_sesquisolidus_814_840.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="223"> <div> <div><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></div> Louis on a <em>sesquisolidus</em>, essentially Roman in design.<sup><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></div> </div> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Third civil war">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Third civil war</span> <p>In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis&#39; land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the young king of Bavaria&#39;s lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin&#39;s son Pepin II. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the Loire, and the Danes returned to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorstad for a second time).</p> <p>Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. By a final <em>placitum</em> issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the Ostmark. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to Frankfurt am Main, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.</p> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Death</span> <p>Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and went to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine, by his palace at Ingelheim. On 20 June 840, he died, in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo, though Charles and Judith were absent in Poitiers. Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into a civil war that was only settled in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which split the Frankish realm into three parts, to become the kernels of France and Germany, with Burgundy and the Low Countries between them. The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.</p> <p>Louis the Pious, along with his half-brother Drogo, were buried in Saint Pierre aux Nonnains Basilica in Metz.</p> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Marriage and issue</span> <p>By his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married ca 794-98), he had three sons and three daughters:</p> <ul><li>Lothair (795&ndash;855), king of Middle Francia</li><li>Pepin (797&ndash;838), king of Aquitaine</li><li>Adelaide (b. c. 799)</li><li>Rotrude (b. 800), married Gerard</li><li>Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. c. 802), married Gerard, Count of Auvergne</li><li>Louis the German (c. 805&ndash;875), king of East Francia</li></ul> <p>By his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, he had a daughter and a son:</p> <ul><li>Gisela, married Eberhard I of Friuli</li><li>Charles the Bald, king of West Francia</li></ul> <p>By Theodelinde of Sens<sup style="white-space: nowrap">[<em>citation needed</em>]</sup>, he had two illegitimate children:</p> <ul><li>Arnulf of Sens</li><li>Alpais</li></ul> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span> <div style="list-style-type: decimal"> <ol><li><strong>^</strong> German: <span><em>Ludwig der Fromme</em></span>, French: <span><em>Louis le Pieux</em></span> or <span><em>Louis le D&eacute;bonnaire</em></span>, Italian: <span><em>Luigi il Pio</em></span> or <span><em>Ludovico il Pio</em></span>, Spanish: <span><em>Luis el Piadoso</em></span> or <span><em>Ludovico P&iacute;o</em></span>.</li><li><strong>^</strong> Einhard gives the name of his birthplace as <em>Cassanoilum</em>. In addition to Chasseneuil near Poitiers, scholars have suggested that Louis may have been born at Casseneuil (Lot et Garonne) or at Casseuil on the Garonne near La R&eacute;ole, where the Dropt flows into the Garonne.</li><li><strong>^</strong> S. Coupland, &quot;Money and coinage under Louis the Pious&quot;, <em>Francia</em> <strong>17</strong>.1 (1990), p 25.</li><li><strong>^</strong> McKitterick, Rosamond, <em>The New Cambridge Medieval History, 700-900</em></li><li><strong>^</strong> Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, &quot;The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)&quot; <em>Speculum</em> <strong>36</strong>.4 (October 1961:592-599).</li><li><strong>^</strong> [1].</li><li><strong>^</strong> <em>Medieval European Coinage</em> by Philip Grierson, Mark Blackburn, Lucia Travaini, p.329 [2]</li></ol> </div> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Sources</span> <ul><li><em>Vita Hludovici Imperatoris</em> , the main source for his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author usually called &quot;the Astronomer&quot;</li><li><em>Vita Hludowici Imperatoris</em> by Thegan of Trier on-line Latin text</li></ul> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span> <ul><li>Booker, Courtney M. <em>Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians</em>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 9780812241686</li><li>De Jong, Mayke. <em>The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814&ndash;840</em>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li><li>Depreux, Philippe. <em>Prosopographie de l&#39;entourage de Louis le Pieux (781&ndash;840).</em> Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A useful prosopographical overview of Louis&#39; household, court and other subordinates.</li><li>Eichler, Daniel. <em>Fr&auml;nkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen</em>. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).</li><li>Ganshof, Fran&ccedil;ois-Louis <em>The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy</em>. 1971.</li><li>Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.). <em>Charlemagne&#39;s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814&ndash;840)</em>. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.</li><li>Oman, Charles. <em>The Dark Ages 476&ndash;918</em>. London, 1914.</li></ul> <span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span> <ul><li>Cassinogilum: an argument for Casseneuil as Louis&#39; birthplace</li><li>Chasseneuil-du-Poitou and not Casseuil by Camille Jullian</li></ul> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffd700; text-align: center"> <div>Emperor Louis I the Pious</div> <div><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian" title="Carolingian" class="mw-redirect">Carolingian Dynasty</a></strong></div> <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 90%; margin: 2em"><strong>Born:</strong> 16 April 778</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 90%; margin: 2em"><strong>Died:</strong> 20 June 840</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ace777">Regnal titles</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td width="30%" align="center">Preceded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a><br> as King of the Franks</span></td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine" title="King of Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect">King of Aquitaine</a></strong><br> 781&ndash;814</td> <td width="30%" align="center">Succeeded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pippin I of Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect">Pippin I of Aquitaine</a></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td rowspan="4" width="30%" align="center">Preceded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a></span></td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Romans">Emperor of the Romans</a></strong><br> 813&ndash;840<br> <em>with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a></em> <em>(817&ndash;840)</em></td> <td width="30%" align="center">Succeeded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" width="40%" style="text-align: center"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" title="King of the Franks" class="mw-redirect">King of the Franks</a></strong><br> 814&ndash;840</td> <td width="30%" align="center">Succeeded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I">Lothair I</a><br> <strong>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia">Middle Francia</a></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30%" align="center">Succeeded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis II</a><br> <strong>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia">East Francia</a></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="30%" align="center">Succeeded&nbsp;by<br> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a><br> <strong>in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">West Francia</a></strong></span></td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; width: 100%"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#">show</a>]</span>Ancestors of Louis the Pious</th> </tr> </tbody> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit" id="collapsibleTable1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%">v</span></a> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%"><strong>&middot;</strong></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%">d</span></a> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%"><strong>&middot;</strong></span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors&amp;action=edit" class="external text"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%">e</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 110%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a></span></th> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 2px"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: inherit" id="collapsibleTable2"> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious#">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:French_Carolingians" title="Template:French Carolingians"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%">v</span></a> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%"><strong>&middot;</strong></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:French_Carolingians" title="Template talk:French Carolingians"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; border: medium none; font-size: 100%">d</span></a> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; 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  • Story: Louis The Pious

    Holy Roman Emperor: Also known as Louis the Pious. He was born in 778. He was the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegarde. He was one of three legitimate sons to survive infancy and he expectd to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger and Pepin.But both died and Louis remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne. When Charlemagne died he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the exception of Italy, which was still ruled by Bernard, Pepin&#39;s son). Bernard began plotting to declare independence, when Louis heard of this he marched his army to Chalon-sur-Sa&ocirc;ne. Intimidated by Louis fast action, Bernard met his Uncle at Chalon and surrendered. Louis took Bernard to Aix-la-Chapelle where he was tried and convicted of treason and was sentenced to death but Louis commuted it to blinding. Bernard didn&#39;t survive the punishment and died two days later. This deeply preyed on Louis conscience that in 822 he performed penance for causing Bernard&#39;s death.<br>Louis survived three civil wars. All of them with family members The first two with sons Lothair, Pepin and Louis the German. The third and final civil war with his son Louis the German and his grandson Pepin II.<br>Louis first married Ermengarde of Hesbaye.They had three sons and three daughters.<br>Lothair,King of Middle Francia,Pepin,King of Aquitaine,Adelaide,Rotrude,Hildegard and Louis the German, King of East Francia<br>Louis second marriage was to Judith of Bavaria. They had one daughter named Gisela who married Eberhard of Friuli and one son,Charles the Bald, King of West Francia.<br>Louis died at Ingelheim am Rhein,Germany on June 20, 840 in his half brother Drogo arms surrounded by many bishops and clergy <br> <br>Family links: <br> Parents:<br> Emperor Charlemagne (742 - 814)<br> Hildegard Of Vinzgouw<br> <br> Spouses:<br> Judith Of Bavaria*<br> Ermengarde Of Hesbaye*<br> <br> Children:<br> Charles Of France*<br> Princess Gisela*<br> Adelaide Of Italy*<br> Lothair I Holy Roman Emperor*

 
 
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